Traditional Home and School Discipline

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The teacher's job was not only to teach basic reading and arithmetic. "School would train children how to behave, how to be members of society, be good citizens, be responsible," Kafka said.

Skiba, Russell (December 2002). "The Color of Discipline: Sources of Racial and Gender Disproportionality in School Punishment." The Urban Review 34, no. 4 But research has shown in recent years that zero tolerance didn't succeed in making schools safer and did result in racial gaps in school discipline.Doward, Jamie (August 19, 2017). "School exclusion 'linked to long-term mental health problems' – study". The Guardian. London . Retrieved October 1, 2018. Yet many criticized corporal punishment for its ineffectiveness. Education reformer Horace Mann called it "a relic of barbarism" and argued that students should learn how to monitor their own behaviors. a b c Lavy, Victor and Edith Sand. "On The Origins of Gender Human Capital Gaps: Short and Long Term Consequences of Teachers' Stereotypical Biases." Journal of Public Economics, (January 2015). https://www.nber.org/papers/w20909 Gopalan, Maithreyi; Nelson, Ashlyn Aiko (April 23, 2019). "Understanding the Racial Discipline Gap in Schools". American Educational Research Association Open. 5 (2). doi: 10.1177/2332858419844613. S2CID 151167120.

Teachers commonly used corporal punishment in the form of a switch, cowhide or ruler, Kafka has written. Students knelt on sharp objects or stood for long periods of time. All school personnel, including teachers, administrators, volunteers, and all employees are required to undergo student discipline training. [17] Congress passed the Gun-Free Schools Act in 1994, signed by President Bill Clinton. It began the "zero tolerance" era in American public schools. Under zero tolerance, a student who violated school rules faced mandatory penalties, adopted from the " broken windows" theory of policing. Schools increasingly deployed police officers to monitor their halls. a b c Gordon, Nora (January 18, 2018). "Disproportionality in student discipline: Connecting policy to research". The Brookings Institution. Rubino, Laura L., Valerie R. Anderson, and Christina A. Campbell. "An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Truancy Court." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128719847456.Federal Government rules out return of corporal punishment, after curriculum adviser says it can be 'very effective' ". ABC NEWS. July 16, 2014 . Retrieved May 7, 2016. Skiba, Russel (2006). "Zero tolerance, suspension, and expulsion: Questions of equity and effectiveness". In Evertson, C.M. (ed.). Handbook of classroom management: Research, practice, and contemporary issues. Erlbaum. pp.1063–1092. Arum, Richard (October 30, 2003). Judging School Discipline: The Crisis of Moral Authority. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01179-3.

a b c d e f g h i j k Girvan, Erik J. "The Law and Social Psychology of Racial Disparities in School Discipline." In Advances in Psychology and Law vol. 4, ed. Brian H. Bornstein and Monika K. Miller. New York: Springer, (February 6, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11042-0_8. In China, school corporal punishment was completely banned under the Article 29 of the Compulsory Education Act of the People's Republic of China, but in practice, beating by schoolteachers is still common, especially in rural areas. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students, by race/ethnicity and school." National Center for Education Statistics, (2013). https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ruraled/tables/B.1.b.-1.asp?refer=urban.In Australia, school corporal punishment has been banned in public schools in all states, but as of 2019, it is still permitted in private schools in Queensland and the Northern Territory. [52] Non-corporal forms of disciplinary action [ edit ] Detention [ edit ] Editors of Rethinking Schools (2014). Restorative Justice: What it is and is not. Rethinking Schools. Retrieved December 1, 2016. http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/29_01/edit1291.shtml a b Okonofua, Jason A. and Jennifer L. Eberhardt. "Two Strikes: Race and the Disciplining of Young Students". Psychological Science. 26 (May 2015). (5): 617–624. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544011 Brenda. "School Suspensions Lead to Stark Losses in Instructional Time." www.nea.org, November 19, 2020. https://www.nea.org/advocating-for-change/new-from-nea/school-suspensions-lead-stark-losses-instructional-time.