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Johnsons Veterinary Products Bitch Spray,X-Large

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However, a systematic review of clinical papers by Beauvais et al in 2012 found only weak statistical evidence to suggest that spaying at any age increased the risk of urinary incontinence, and concluded that present evidence is not strong enough to provide any recommendation on the best age to perform spay to avoid incontinence, or even whether spaying causes urinary incontinence. Obesity

Interestingly enough, it would appear that spaying increases the expected lifespan of a bitch ( Michel, 1999; Hoffman et al, 2013; Howe, 2015). The average lifespan of a bitch may well increase by a little over 1 year if spayed ( O'Neill et al, 2013), although this seems to depend very much on dog breed and size. It is uncertain what is responsible for the increased lifespan, although changes to telomere length (a part of the chromosome that is responsible for ageing changes) in neutered or nulliparous individuals has been postulated ( Perls et al, 2002). Disadvantages Urinary incontinence Keep treated animals away from fires and other sources of heat for at least 30 minutes following spraying and until coat is totally dry. Unfortunately, despite a wealth of literature, there is little or no conclusive evidence for risks of, e.g. urinary incontinence, or for potential advantages, e.g. reduction of mammary tumours. Performing spay surgery on a bitch is one of the most common surgeries undertaken at first opinion veterinary practices. It is also one of the most controversial surgeries, with many people (veterinary surgeons, nurses and lay people) having firm views on three main aspects: For all of these reasons, the time chosen to spay is usually either before the first season occurs, or 3-4 months after a season. A physical examination by the vet will determine whether a 5-6 month old bitch puppy is mature enough to spay before her first season. Before the operation

Despite this there is little in the way of consistency in advice regarding optimum timing of spays, and little agreement about risks or benefits. Unfortunately, there is little agreement in the available literature on the optimum age for spaying. As mentioned above, the evidence for reduction in mammary tumours when spaying prepubertal bitches is scant, but there may be some merit in doing so ( Arlt et al, 2017). Similarly, the risks of post spay urinary incontinence are not fully known (Beauvais et al; 2002), although the general recommendation is to delay spaying until after 3–4 months in some breeds ( Howe, 2015), possibly later than 12 months in certain larger breeds ( Hart et al, 2016). Again, both of these studies were retrospective, and dealt with quite restricted populations of bitches, so the evidence is far from conclusive. It would make sense that bitches in rescue centres should be considered for juvenile spaying, as this reduces the risk of unwanted litters; it is less clear what advice to give private owners. The author currently advises his clients to consider juvenile spaying (3 months onwards) for bitches whose ultimate weight is likely to be <15 kg, and 6 months of age for those with an expected adult weight of >15 kg. Ovariohysterectomy or ovariectomy? Please note: Each batch may vary from consistency, colour and scent due to being natural and handmade.

It is not a good idea to spay when a bitch is in season or about to come into season, because the blood vessels supplying the uterus and ovaries are all larger and this will increase the risks of surgery. The other time we try to avoid is the 8 weeks after a season, when a bitch may suffer from a hormonal imbalance called a false pregnancy. If this happens, she may be acting as if she is nursing pups and the operation at this time would cause such sudden changes in hormone levels that it would be unfair to her. Also if she was producing milk, the enlargement of the milk glands would make it more difficult for the spay wound to heal. Unless you want an unwanted pregnancy on your hands, take all measures necessary to protect your bitch. Various pieces of equipment will then be connected up to monitor the anaesthetic. This is a skilled job which would usually be carried out by a qualified veterinary nurse. Apart from the operating table, the instruments and the anaesthetic machine, a lot of specialised equipment will be on “stand by” in case it is needed.While the bitch is being prepared for surgery as mentioned above, the surgeon will be “scrubbing up” and putting on sterile clothing (gown, gloves, hat & mask) just as in all television surgical drama programmes. The surgical instruments will have been sterilised in advance and are opened and laid out at the start of the operation. There are several ways in which this can be given, but the most common is by an injection into the vein of the front leg. The effects of the most commonly used drugs are very fast, but don’t last for very long, so a tube is placed into the windpipe to allow anaesthetic gas and oxygen to be given. The anaesthetic gas allows the right level of anaesthesia to be maintained safely for as long as necessary. It is important that clients are fully informed of potential risks/benefits of spaying, but without clear objective information it is difficult to do so. When the operation is finished, the gas anaesthetic is reduced and the bitch begins to wake up. She will be constantly monitored and the tube removed from her windpipe when she reaches the right level of wakefulness. Recovery

We all know the problem of taking our little princess pooch out for a walk when she’s in season and she suddenly gets the unwanted attention of a male admirer. It’s a nuisance and can be distressing for your dog. That’s when the ‘Bitch Spray’ comes into its own. It will help to discourage any advances from male dogs by disguising the natural oestrus odour of a bitch. At the moment, it is difficult to recommend a universal policy on spaying. Any discussion with a client or owner must take into account the client's wishes and expectations, as well as the experiences and preferences of the practice. In general, the benefits of spaying outweigh the risks. KEY POINTS Like humans, dogs are often a bit woozy as they come round, so she will be placed in a cage with soft warm bedding and kept under observation. Usually they will wake up uneventfully and then sleep it off for the rest of the day. After-careResponsible dog ownership and responsible dog breeding seldom go hand-in-hand: figures from the Dogs Trust suggest that around 50 000 dogs are abandoned each year ( https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34413490). Clearly, neutering will help reduce the risk of unwanted litters (although it will not necessarily improve responsible breeding). Sadly, there is no one answer to all these questions, so some controversy must necessarily remain: however, a review of some of the literature may help the practice nurse advise clients better on their neutering decisions. Should we spay? Spaying is a very common procedure in the UK ( Diesel et al, 2010) and confers very obvious advantages (reduction of unwanted litters, prevention of pseudopregnancy, cessation of oestrus and prevention of pyometra). Other advantages such as reduction in mammary tumours have yet to be conclusively proven. On the other hand, there may be an increased risk of certain tumours, orthopaedic diseases and obesity; possibly also of urinary incontinence. There is little consensus on the optimum timing of spaying: ultimately this may well be dependent on breed and other factors. However, the choice of whether to perform a full ovariohysterectomy, or an ovariectomy, appears to be amenable to personal preference and practice policy: there seems to be no difference in outcome between the two. In addition to the BVA's statement, other reputable organisations (e.g. the Kennel Club, RSPCA, Dog's Trust) strongly support spaying of bitches, but all suggest that the advantages and disadvantages should be weighed up in every individual case. There are few behavioural advantages of spaying (other than avoiding pseudopregnancy), but several often-stated medical advantages. Similarly, there are no published behavioural disadvantages of spaying, but several medical disadvantages. Let us consider these in turn. Advantages Stopping pseudopregnancy Various studies have shown that spaying can increase the relative risk of various cancers, such as osteosarcoma, mast cell tumour, lymphosarcoma and haemangiosarcoma ( Hoffman et al, 2013; Howe, 2015), and also increases the risk of bone and joint disease such as cranial cruciate ligament rupture ( Wilke, et al, 2002; Torres de la Riva et al, 2013). However, it is important to bear in mind that these increases in risk are small, and amount to a few percent rise in the incidence of these diseases. It is also important to bear in mind that there are very likely breed-specific relative risks ( Torres de la Riva et al, 2013), and we cannot at present generalise on risks for all dog breeds. It is also worth noting that all of these findings are retrospective studies and cannot reliably demonstrate a causal link between spaying and risk of developing health problems.

This is important, as there is an increasing trend to laparoscopic ( Figures 4 and 5), or ‘keyhole’ spaying, which most commonly involves ovariectomy. There are various advantages to laparoscopic spaying ( Corriveau et al, 2017; Nylund et al, 2017): perhaps most importantly the reduced need for post-operative resting and lead walking. In most cases, the bitch may exercise off the lead from 24–48 hours post surgery. The procedure seems to be less painful, also; possibly due to reduced traction on the ovarian ligament.At most it could maybe have a use to allow a bitch to take a short walk on lead past a dogs house and maybe keep him from getting too excited. Should the entire reproductive tract be removed (ovariohysterectomy) or just the ovaries (ovariectomy)? Figure 5. Laparoscopic spay procedure. Two small portals are used to manipulate the scope and instruments. Figure 3. The uterus and ovaries from a 2yo Springer Spaniel following routine ovariohysterectomy. Note the cyst on the left ovary: this was an incidental finding at surgery. Again, the general consensus among the veterinary populace and the public is that spaying can increase the risk of obesity in bitches. Although it is hard to find good evidence for this in the literature, a study by Lefebvre et al (2013) found that the risk of weight gain post spaying was only present in the first 2 years after neutering, and that age at neutering did not affect the propensity for weight gain. It would thus seem sensible to advise owners to pay particular attention to their pet's weight in the first 2 years after neutering. Increased risk of other diseases

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