Triflora Contemporary Black Nickel Festive Reindeer Ornament

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COSEWIC (2014). COSEWIC assessment and status report on the caribou Rangifer tarandus, Northern Mountain population, Central Mountain population and Southern Mountain population in Canada (PDF) (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).

the High Arctic islands of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, Canada and western Greenland (except for the southwestern region) While overall widespread and numerous, some reindeer species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct. [29] [30] As of 2015, the IUCN has classified the reindeer as Vulnerable due to an observed population decline of 40% over the last +25 years. [2] According to IUCN, Rangifer tarandus as a species is not endangered because of its overall large population and its widespread range. [2] United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (13 December 2022). "Fun Facts about Reindeer and Caribou". Food and Drug Administration.Kahlke, H-D. "Die Cerviden-Reste aus den Kiesen von Süßenborn bei Weimar. Palaeontologische Abhandlungen Abteilung A". Palaozoologie. 1969: 367–788. Carl Linnaeus in 1758 named the Eurasian tundra species Cervus tarandus, the genus Rangifer being credited to Smith, 1827. [37] Highlight on a Species at Risk - Tǫdzı (Boreal Caribou)". Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board. 2021 . Retrieved 15 November 2022. A darker belly color may be caused by two mutations of MC1R. They appear to be more common in domestic reindeer herds. [141] Heat exchange [ edit ]

DNA also revealed three unnamed clades that, based on genetic distance, genetic divergence and shared vs. private haplotypes and alleles, together with ecological and behavioral differences, may justify separation at the subspecies level: the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou (COSEWIC DU11), [76] [64] an eastern montane ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou, and the Baffin Island caribou. [87] Neither one of these clades has yet been formally described or named.Main article: Reindeer herding A team pulling a sled near Arkhangelsk, Russia, late 19th-century photochrom Milking in Western Finnmark, Norway, 19th century Graham Island of Haida Gwaii off the coast of British Columbia, Canada (formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands)

Both Aristotle and Theophrastus have short accounts – probably based on the same source – of an ox-sized deer species, named tarandos, living in the land of the Bodines in Scythia, which was able to change the colour of its fur to obtain camouflage. The latter is probably a misunderstanding of the seasonal change in reindeer fur colour. The descriptions have been interpreted as being of reindeer living in the southern Ural Mountains in c. 350 BC. [38] The tragelaphus or deer-goat a b c Sarauw, Georg (1914). "Das Rentier in Europa zu den Zeiten Alexanders und Cæsars" [The reindeer in Europe to the times of Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar]. In Jungersen, H. F. E.; Warming, E. (eds.). Mindeskrift i Anledning af Hundredeaaret for Japetus Steenstrups Fødsel (in German). Copenhagen. pp.1–33. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) a b Cronin, Matthew A. (2003). "Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus)". Animal Genetics. 34 (1): 33–41. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2003.00927.x. PMID 12580784. The females (or "cows" as they are often called) usually measure 162–205cm (64–81in) in length and weigh 80–120kg (180–260lb). [146] The males (or "bulls" as they are often called) are typically larger (to an extent which varies between the different species and subspecies), measuring 180–214cm (71–84in) in length and usually weighing 159–182kg (351–401lb). [146] Exceptionally large bulls have weighed as much as 318kg (701lb). [146] Weight varies drastically between the seasons, with bulls losing as much as 40% of their pre-rut weight. [147] Reindeer cows are the only female deer to grow antlers, which they use to defend food in patches of cleared snow. Another secret weapon in freezing environments: the nose. (Getty Images) Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer - how reindeer became associated with Christmas

Our guide to British reindeer looks at where you can still see reindeer in the UK, plus interesting facts about the species and how they became associated with Christmas.

Geist, Valerius (1991). "On an objective definition of subspecies, taxa as legal entities, and its application to Rangifer tarandus Lin. 1758". In C. E. Butler; S. P. Mahoney (eds.). Proceedings 4th North American Caribou Workshop, 1989. St. John’s, Newfoundland. pp.1–76. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) The use of the terms reindeer and caribou for essentially the same animal can cause confusion, but the International Union for Conservation of Nature clearly delineates the issue: "Reindeer is the European name for the species of Rangifer, while in North America, Rangifer species are known as Caribou." [2] The word reindeer is an anglicized version of the Old Norse words hreinn (“reindeer”) and dýr (“animal”) and has nothing to do with reins. [41] The word caribou comes through French, from the Mi'kmaq qalipu, meaning "snow shoveler", and refers to its habit of pawing through the snow for food. [42] Reindeer have specialized counter-current vascular heat exchange in their nasal passages. Temperature gradient along the nasal mucosa is under physiological control. Incoming cold air is warmed by body heat before entering the lungs and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the reindeer's breath is exhaled, then used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly be absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. [143] Like moose, caribou have specialized noses featuring nasal turbinate bones that dramatically increase the surface area within the nostrils. A R. t. pearyi-sized caribou occupied Greenland before and after the LGM and persisted in a relict enclave in northeastern Greenland until it went extinct about 1900 (see discussion of R. t. eogroenlandicus below). Archaeological excavations showed that larger barren-ground-sized caribou appeared in western Greenland about 4,000 years ago. [60] The tapetum lucidum of Arctic reindeer eyes changes in color from gold in summer to blue in winter to improve their vision during times of continuous darkness, and perhaps enable them to better spot predators. [154] Biology and behaviors [ edit ] Seasonal body composition [ edit ] Sweden