Bernal Pitted Green Manzanilla Olives - Catering Size 4.25kg, Stoneless

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Four management operations are considered in OliveCan: tillage, irrigation, harvest and pruning. In the model, tillage operations have an impact on CN whereas irrigation provides an additional water input for the wetted soil zone. Irrigation amounts and dates can either be defined explicitly by the users or implicitly calculated through a dedicated routine that, at customizable intervals, applies a fraction of the maximum ET lost since the last irrigation. Harvesting takes place on a user-defined day of the year and results in the removal of fruits. At harvest, the model provides an estimate of oil yield ( Y oil) by multiplying the dry biomass of fruits and a fixed coefficient representing the ratio of oil content to dry matter. Finally, pruning is simulated by setting a customizable fraction of LAI to be removed ( F prune) and an interval between pruning operations. The model also reduces the biomasses of shoots and branches by the same fraction F prune. The user should indicate whether pruning residues are incorporated into the soil or exported. Initialization Requirements Fernández, J. E., Moreno, F., Cabrera, F., Arrue, J. L., and Martin-Aranda, J. (1991). Drip irrigation, soil characteristics and the root activity of olive trees. Plant Soil 133, 239–251. doi: 10.1007/BF00009196 Simulating the water balance of an irrigated olive orchard is a particularly challenging task as the trees are typically watered by point-source emitters that keep a small fraction of the surface frequently wet while the remaining area remains dry, unless it rains. This fact results in differences between these two soil areas in relation to soil water content, the water fluxes determining the water balance (i.e., runoff, drainage, redistribution along the soil profile, soil evaporation, and root water uptake) and root length density ( Fernández et al., 1991). Therefore, traditional modeling approaches based on the use of the average soil water content can lead to large errors, besides giving a poor insight into the system. One alternative consists of using a two-compartment model that solves the water balance separately for each zone of the soil. In this regard, Testi et al. (2006) proposed a model capable of simulating potential transpiration, separately calculating runoff, drainage and soil evaporation from the wet and dry fractions of the soil surface under localized irrigation. The model was developed to determine the potential irrigation needs of olive orchards, so its use is unfortunately limited to unstressed conditions. Lately, García-Tejera et al. (2017a) have formulated a soil-plant-atmosphere-continuum (SPAC) model capable of calculating root water uptake from soils with spatially heterogeneous distributions of water content and root length densities. Such a model also discretizes the soil into different soil zones and layers and, for the canopy, it considers two leaf classes (i.e., sunlit and shaded). Furthermore, the model by García-Tejera et al. (2017a) provides estimates of gross assimilation ( A), offering an opportunity to link the water and carbon balances of olive trees. Values of GC, LAD, and R zx required to initialize the model were taken from measurements of tree silhouettes. A record of Y dry of the year preceding simulations was also considered. Initial L v values were taken from records measured by Moriana (2001) for the trees of Experiment II. Experiment II Huang, Y., Yu, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, W., Liu, S., Jiang, J., et al. (2009). Agro-C: a biogeophysical model for simulating the carbon budget of agroecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 95, 203–223. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.07.013

Continuous deficit irrigation (CDI), which also applied 75% of the water received by CON (i.e., rainfall plus irrigation), but for the whole irrigation season. All authors played a significant role in the conception and development of the model. FV led out the coding, with contributions from ÁL-B, AM, OG-T, and LT. ÁL-B, LT, and FV gathered the datasets for testing the model. ÁL-B led out the writing with significant contributions from all co-authors. Funding Experimental measurements conducted in two mature olive orchards located in the Alameda del Obispo Research Station, Córdoba, Spain (37.8°N, 4.8°W, 110 m) were used for assessing the reliability of OliveCan. The climate in the area is typically Mediterranean, with around 600 mm of average annual rainfall and 1390 mm and average annual ET 0 of 1390 mm ( Testi et al., 2004), respectively. The soil for both orchards is classified as a Typic Xerofluvent of sandy loam texture and exceeds 2 m in depth, with field capacity (𝜃 UL) and permanent wilting point (𝜃 LL) water contents of 0.23 m 3 m -3 and 0.07 m 3 m -3, respectively ( Testi et al., 2004). Weather data were collected using a station placed 500 m away from the orchards. Within both orchards, irrigation experiments comprising several irrigation treatments were performed. Each irrigation treatment was simulated separately with OliveCan. Experiment IDuring the vegetative rest period and provided that fruits are not present, all the available assimilates after discounting maintenance respiration are allocated to a virtual pool of reserves. Such reserve pool is subsequently used for the growth of vegetative organs and fruits during the growth season. Fruit growth can either be source-limited or sink-limited. In the former case, the associated partitioning coefficient is fixed whereas in the latter, it is calculated as a function of the number of fruits ( FN), which in turn is modeled as a function of the number of fruits and nodes produced in the previous year. In doing so, the model may be prone to errors in the estimates of productivity and vegetative growth for a given year when performing long runs, but such errors are to be compensated if those model outputs are averaged over biennia. With regard to the vegetative organs, fixed partitioning coefficients are adopted. Whenever fruits are present, the model considers that they become the prioritary sink of assimilates, thus the vegetative partitioning coefficients are applied after discounting the fruit demand from the daily pool of assimilates. Therefore, partitioning coefficients to vegetative organs are assumed to be independent of tree size, management factors and environmental conditions, as in the model of Morales et al. (2016). As a final remark, inspired by the CERES-type models ( Jones and Kiniry, 1986), the growth of fine roots is distributed among the different layers in the two soil zones as a function of the size and water content of each soil compartment. Dag, A., Bustan, A., Avni, A., Tzipori, I., Lavee, S., and Riov, J. (2010). Timing of fruit removal affects concurrent vegetative growth and subsequent return bloom and yield in olive ( Olea europaea L.). Sci. Hort. 123, 469–472. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2009.11.014

Penning de Vries, F. W. T., Brunsting, A. H. M., and van Laar, A. H. (1974). Products requirements and efficiency of biosynthesis, a quantitative approach. J. Theor. Biol. 45, 339–377. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(74)90119-2 Bustan, A., Avni, A., Lavee, S., Zipori, I., Yeselson, Y., Schaffer, A., et al. (2011). Role of carbohydrate reserves in yield production of intensively cultivated oil olive ( Olea europaea L.) trees. Tree Physiol. 31, 519–530. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpr036Continuous deficit irrigation (CDI), which applied 25% of the irrigation supplied to CON, distributed throughout the irrigation season. Want more olive appetizers? Try my Olive Dip and Olive Cheese Ball! What to Serve with Blue Cheese Stuffed Olives Control irrigation (CON), which applied the required water to match the maximum ET, based on the fully replenishing soil water extraction from April to October. Two phenological stages are considered for the vegetative organs: (i) a dormant stage characterized by an absence of growth that is induced by chilling accumulation during autumn and (ii) a phase of active growth that starts in late winter, by the time average temperature is above a threshold. In relation to the reproductive growth, the date of flowering is determined with the two-phase model by De Melo-Abreu et al. (2004). Fruit growth is assumed to start after a given amount of thermal time is accumulated from the date of flowering and ceases when either maturity or the harvest date is reached.