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Main article: Economy of France Overview La Défense was in 2017 ranked by Ernst & Young as the leading central business district in continental Europe, and the fourth in the world. [175] With an estimated January 2023 population of 68,042,591 people, [8] France is the 20th most populous country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe (after Russia and Germany), and the second most populous in the European Union (after Germany). Mr Castex said shops could first be allowed to open but that bars and restaurants would have to wait longer.

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Versement transport" (PDF). ACGEI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2011. Extensions to the RER focus on Line E, which ends at Haussmann - Saint-Lazare, serving only one side of Paris, unlike all other RER lines. Various Line E extensions have been proposed: [ citation needed] Basically, I have a shortlist of places we're considering (and my current thoughts) but it would be great to know your thoughts about them: RER stations in Paris can also be found within large train stations ( gare) such as Gare du Nord. Here is an example of a combined Transilien & RER sign at Gare du Nord showing lines RER B, D & E: RER trains will generally always stop at RER stations within central Paris Zone 1 (visible on the RER Map with zones). RER stations outside central Paris may or may not be served by RER trains depending on their route or whether they are “Express RER trains” making only a few stops before arriving at their final destination.General Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799 becoming First Consul and later Emperor of the French Empire (1804–1814; 1815). As a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, changing sets of European coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's empire. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the battles of Jena-Auerstadt and Austerlitz. Members of the Bonaparte family were appointed as monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms. [65] a b c d e Gerondeau, Christian (2003). La Saga du RER et le maillon manquant. Presse de l'École nationale des ponts et chaussées. ISBN 2-85978-368-7. The official language of France is French, [275] a Romance language derived from Latin. Since 1635, the Académie française has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Flemish ( Dutch dialect), Alsatian (German dialect), Basque, and Corsican (Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859. [276] France's R number has fallen below 1 but the number of people in hospital has hit a new high - with the prime minister saying someone is admitted every 30 seconds.

Obituary: THE REVD DR R. T. FRANCE - The Church Times Obituary: THE REVD DR R. T. FRANCE - The Church Times

Nicola Sturgeon insists she has 'nothing to hide' from COVID inquiry after reports WhatsApps deleted Metropolitan France was settled during the Iron Age by Celtic tribes known as Gauls before Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture. In the Early Middle Ages, the Germanic Franks formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France in 987. In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but decentralized feudal kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with England known as the Hundred Years' War. In the 16th century, the French Renaissance saw culture flourish and a French colonial empire rise. [15] Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the House of Habsburg and the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots. France was successful in the Thirty Years' War and further increased its influence during the reign of Louis XIV. [16] Due to the large number of underage users who frequent r/French, we request that posts remain SFW. Specifically, avoid posting content of a sexual nature.Glottophobia (discrimination against dialects or other language varieties) is not allowed. We welcome language diversity. “Mistakes” should be explained with open-mindedness; prefer saying “this would be considered wrong in x context” rather than “this is wrong”, for example. Paris RER schedules can be confusing to read. Here are some instructions on reading Paris RER train timetables. All posts on r/French must be related to French learning discussion and/or about the language – advice on tutors, the best way to learn, grammar questions, etc. First RER A train leaves Paris Chatelet les Halles at 5:18 a.m. and arrives at 6:00 a.m. at Disneyland Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Roman Italy through the Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome. [31] The Gallic invasion left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome. [32] But the Romans and the Gauls would remain adversaries for the next centuries, and the Gauls would continue to be a threat in Italy. [33]

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Louis XVI (r. 1774–1793) actively supported the Americans with money, fleets and armies, helping them win independence from Great Britain. France gained revenge but spent so heavily that the government verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the French Revolution. Some of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs and inventions, such as the naming of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers (1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers, such as Bougainville and Lapérouse, took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions around the globe. The Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and also was a factor in the French Revolution. Blakely, Edward James (1993). Transporting and Transforming a Nation: Issues 584–596. University of California.

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Contemporary period (1946–present) Charles de Gaulle, a hero of World War I, leader of the Free French during World War II, and President of France France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually. [265] In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of asylum seekers, with an estimated 50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004). [266] In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world [267] and in subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in 2017. [268] The European Union allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb Eastern European migration, [ citation needed] and immigration remains a contentious political issue. The RER network was inaugurated on 8 December 1977 with the joining of the eastern Nation- Boissy segment and the western Auber- Saint-Germain-en-Laye segment at Châtelet – Les Halles. The inauguration was attended by President Valery Giscard D'Estaing. [12] The southern Ligne de Sceaux was simultaneously extended from Luxembourg to meet Line A at Châtelet – Les Halles, becoming the new Line B. The system of line letters was introduced to the public on this occasion, though it had been used internally by RATP and SNCF for some time. First RER A train leaves Disneyland at 5:13 a.m. and arrives at 5:54 a.m. at Paris Chatelet les Halles The Réseau Express Régional ( French pronunciation: [ʁezo ɛkspʁɛs ʁeʒjɔnal]; English: Regional Express Network), commonly abbreviated RER ( pronounced [ɛʁ.ə.ɛʁ]), is a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. It acts as a combined city-center underground rail system and suburbs-to-city-center commuter rail. In the city center, it acts as a faster counterpart of the Paris Métro, having fewer stops.

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Charming dacha classified 4 stars of 70 m2 on 50 acres of park on the edge of forest, at the foot of the mountains adjoining the property of 3 hectares of landlords with horses, sheep, low yard, organic vegetable garden. Last RER A train leaves Paris Chatelet les Halles at 12:36 a.m. and arrives at 01:15 a.m. at Disneyland

Exiting RER Stations

The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture, and ancient Gaul was eventually renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages, except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages emerged. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The last Merovingian kings lost power to their mayors of the palace (head of household). One mayor of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Umayyad invasion of Gaul at the Battle of Tours (732) and earned respect and power within the Frankish kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the Carolingian dynasty. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built a vast empire across Western and Central Europe.