Young Lenin

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Fischer 1964, p.45; Pipes 1990, p.350; Volkogonov 1994, p.182; Service 2000, p.177; Read 2005, p.208; Ryan 2012, p.6. Fischer 1964, p.434; Shub 1966, pp.381–382; Rice 1990, p.181; Service 2000, p.415; Read 2005, p.258. Arriving at Petrograd's Finland Station in April, Lenin gave a speech to Bolshevik supporters condemning the Provisional Government and again calling for a continent-wide European proletarian revolution. [133] Over the following days, he spoke at Bolshevik meetings, lambasting those who wanted reconciliation with the Mensheviks and revealing his " April Theses", an outline of his plans for the Bolsheviks, which he had written on the journey from Switzerland. [134] He publicly condemned both the Mensheviks and the Social Revolutionaries, who dominated the influential Petrograd Soviet, for supporting the Provisional Government, denouncing them as traitors to socialism. Considering the government to be just as imperialist as the Tsarist regime, he advocated immediate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary, rule by soviets, the nationalisation of industry and banks, and the state expropriation of land, all with the intention of establishing a proletariat government and pushing toward a socialist society. By contrast, the Mensheviks believed that Russia was insufficiently developed to transition to socialism and accused Lenin of trying to plunge the new Republic into civil war. [135] Over the coming months Lenin campaigned for his policies, attending the meetings of the Bolshevik Central Committee, prolifically writing for the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda, and giving public speeches in Petrograd aimed at converting workers, soldiers, sailors, and peasants to his cause. [136] Fischer 1964, p.94; Pipes 1990, pp.377–378; Rice 1990, pp.127–128; Service 2000, pp.223–225; White 2001, p.104; Read 2005, p.105. Fischer 1964, p.18; Rice 1990, p.25; Service 2000, p.61; White 2001, p.29; Read 2005, p.16; Theen 2004, p.33.

Liebman, Marcel (1975) [1973]. Leninism Under Lenin. Translated by Brian Pearce. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-01072-6. Figes, Orlando (26 January 2017). A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution – centenary edition with new introduction. Random House. pp.796–797. ISBN 978-1-4481-1264-7. Fischer 1964, pp.252–253; Pipes 1990, p.499; Volkogonov 1994, p.341; Service 2000, pp.316–317; White 2001, p.149; Read 2005, pp.194–195.Fischer 1964, p.156; Shub 1966, p.350; Pipes 1990, p.594; Volkogonov 1994, p.185; Service 2000, p.344; Read 2005, p.212. Caused in part by a drought, the Russian famine of 1921 was the most severe that the country had experienced since that of 1891, resulting in around five million deaths. [346] The famine was exacerbated by government requisitioning, as well as the export of large quantities of Russian grain. [347] To aid the famine victims, the US government established the American Relief Administration to distribute food; [348] Lenin was suspicious of this aid and had it closely monitored. [349] During the famine, Patriarch Tikhon called on Orthodox churches to sell unnecessary items to help feed the starving, an action endorsed by the government. [350] In February 1922, Sovnarkom went further by calling on all valuables belonging to religious institutions to be forcibly appropriated and sold. [351] Tikhon opposed the sale of items used within the Eucharist and many clergy resisted the appropriations, resulting in violence. [352]

Shub 1966, p.315; Pipes 1990, pp.540–541; Rice 1990, p.164; Volkogonov 1994, p.173; Service 2000, p.331; Read 2005, p.192. In September 1889, the Ulyanov family moved to the city of Samara, where Lenin joined Alexei Sklyarenko's socialist discussion circle. [28] There, Lenin fully embraced Marxism and produced a Russian language translation of Marx and Friedrich Engels's 1848 political pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. [29] He began to read the works of the Russian Marxist Georgi Plekhanov, agreeing with Plekhanov's argument that Russia was moving from feudalism to capitalism and so socialism would be implemented by the proletariat, or urban working class, rather than the peasantry. [30] This Marxist perspective contrasted with the view of the agrarian-socialist Narodnik movement, which held that the peasantry could establish socialism in Russia by forming peasant communes, thereby bypassing capitalism. This Narodnik view developed in the 1860s with the People's Freedom Party and was then dominant within the Russian revolutionary movement. [31] Lenin rejected the premise of the agrarian-socialist argument but was influenced by agrarian-socialists like Pyotr Tkachev and Sergei Nechaev and befriended several Narodniks. [32] Bowman, Verity (27 April 2022). "Kyiv pulls down Soviet-era monument symbolising Russian-Ukrainian friendship". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022 . Retrieved 4 May 2022. Fischer 1964, pp.437–438; Shub 1966, p.406; Rice 1990, p.183; Service 2000, p.419; White 2001, pp.167–168.Fischer 1964, p.30; Pipes 1990, p.354; Rice 1990, pp.44–46; Service 2000, p.103; White 2001, p.37; Read 2005, p.26; Lih 2011, p.55. Fischer 1964, pp.93–94; Pipes 1990, p.376; Rice 1990, p.121; Service 2000, pp.214–215; White 2001, pp.98–99.