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The number n of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence Vitamin K 2 consists of various forms. [2] It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is usually produced by tissue and/or bacterial conversion of vitamin K 1, and is commonly found in animal products. It is known that production of MK-4 from dietary plant vitamin K 1 can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents. Damon Lowney (10 September 2013). "2015 Volkswagen e-Up! shows EV commitment at Frankfurt this season". Autoblog.com . Retrieved 10 September 2013. The Volkswagen Golf (Mk7) is a C-segment car manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Volkswagen. It is the seventh generation in the Golf series and the successor to the Golf Mk6. It was introduced at Berlin on 4 September 2012, before a public launch at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. [5] Sales in Europe began with the model in November 2012. [6]
MK-7 on bone mineral density and The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and
In EV mode, the Golf GTE has an official all-electric range of 50km (31mi) [63] but in real world testing will often get around 35km (22mi) to 39km (24mi) miles of range. [66] Under the New European Driving Cycle, combined fuel economy is 1.50L/100km (157mpg ‑US) equivalent. [67] The electric power can also be saved—for example when driving to a zero-emissions zone. The 8.8 kWh lithium-ion battery can be charged in around three and a half hours from a domestic mains outlet, or two and a half hours from a domestic wallbox. The battery weighs 120kg (265lb), giving the GTE a total kerb weight of 1,520kg (3,351lb). Georg Kacher, ed. (4 February 2014). "VW Golf R 2014 review". carmagazine.co.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2018. Weber P (October 2001). "Vitamin K and bone health". Nutrition. 17 (10): 880–7. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00709-2. PMID 11684396. Mansour AG, Hariri E, Daaboul Y, et al. V itamin K2 supplementation and arterial stiffness among renal transplant recipients—a single-arm, single-center clinical trial. J Am Soc Hypertens 2017;11(9): 589-597.Volkswagen Group China's mega-factory in Foshan will strengthen e-mobility strategy in China" (Press release). Volkswagen Newsroom. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2022. TMR Team (18 April 2013). "New 2013 Volkswagen Golf 7 On Sale In Australia". themotorreport.com.au . Retrieved 24 January 2014.
MK-7 and Its Effects on Bone Quality and Strength - PubMed
Furthermore, OAC is often linked to undesired soft-tissue calcification in both children and adults. [27] [28] This process has been shown to be dependent upon the action of K vitamins. Vitamin K deficiency results in undercarboxylation of MGP. Also in humans on OAC treatment, two-fold more arterial calcification was found as compared to patients not receiving vitamin K antagonists. [29] [30] Among consequences of anticoagulant treatment: increased aortic wall stiffness, coronary insufficiency, ischemia, and even heart failure. Arterial calcification might also contribute to systolic hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy. [31] [32] Anticoagulant therapy is usually instituted to avoid life-threatening diseases, and high vitamin K intake interferes with anticoagulant effects. [ citation needed] Patients on warfarin (Coumadin) or being treated with other vitamin K antagonists are therefore advised not to consume diets rich in K vitamins. [ citation needed] In other organisms [ edit ]Sato T, Schurgers LJ, Uenishi K (November 2012). "Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women". Nutrition Journal. 11 (93): 93. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-93. PMC 3502319. PMID 23140417. Variations in biosynthetic pathways mean that bacteria also produce analogues of Vitamin K 2. For example, MK9 (II-H), which replaces the second geranylgeranyl unit with a saturated phytyl, is produced by Mycobacterium phlei. There also exists a possibility of cis–trans isomerism due to the double bonds present. In M. phlei, the 3'-methyl- cis MK9 (II-H) form seems to be more biologically active than trans MK9 (II-H). [34] However, with human enzymes, the naturally abundant trans form is more efficient. [35] Before January 13, 2022, The MK-Seven had the same stats as the Combat Assault Rifle in all rarities, excluding accuracy-related stats. Booth SL, Suttie JW (May 1998). "Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K". The Journal of Nutrition. 128 (5): 785–8. doi: 10.1093/jn/128.5.785. PMID 9566982.
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