Snakes Coloring Book for Kids: Reptilian Drawing Book for Child of All Ages | Gift Idea for Childrens and Toddlers Who Like Animals!

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Rosauer, D. F. & Jetz, W. Phylogenetic endemism in terrestrial mammals. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 24, 168–179 (2015). Indeed, our coarse spatial resolution can potentially mask more intricate patterns of species distributions and remaining habitat at finer resolutions. However, Venter et al. 42 uncovered similar relationships between regions of high human pressure, biodiversity hotspots and threatened species distributions at a fine spatial scale. Further, the distribution of fine-resolution Human Footprint data comprising our coarse-resolution analyses indicates regions under very high human pressure have few, if any, low pressure fine-resolution grid cells remaining (Supplementary Fig. 8).

Isaac, N. J. B., Turvey, S. T., Collen, B., Waterman, C. & Baillie, J. E. M. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2, e296 (2007). The PE metric simply distributes the PD from phylogenetic branches equally across all grid cells in which they occur. We view the HIPE metric as a specific application of a more general ‘modular’ extension of PE where, rather than distributing the PD from branches equally across space, PD is distributed in relation to weightings derived from other spatially explicit data provided—in this case broad human pressure data. For example, spatially explicit data on abundance, climate change vulnerability, protected area coverage, or taxon-specific anthropogenic impacts could be used to identify regions of high value for conservation. While we did not perform any spatial prioritisation exercises here, such data could also be employed under a phylogenetic complementarity framework to effectively prioritise grid cells for conservation action under different scenarios 5, 10. Once you’re happy with your drawing, go ahead and add some color. You can use whatever colors you like, but it’s often best to stay within a natural color palette. This will help your reptile look more realistic. As HIPE redistributes PD to regions of lower pressure, grid cells under very high human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio greater than 1 as they cannot receive additional PD from grid cells under greater human pressure. Conversely, grid cells under no human pressure cannot have a HIPE/PE ratio lower than 1, as they can only gain PD when it is redistributed based on human pressure. We therefore partitioned global patterns of reptilian HIPE into two components: (1) regions under very high human pressure (HF ≥ 12) where the HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating an overwhelming proportion of the PD found in those grid cells is restricted to regions under very high human pressure and does not also occur in regions under lower human pressure; and (2) regions under no human pressure (HF = 0) wherethe HIPE/PE ratio approaches 1, indicating the vast majority of PD present in those grid cells is restricted to regions under no human pressure.Meiri, S. & Chapple, D. G. Biases in the current knowledge of threat status in lizards, and bridging the ‘assessment gap’. Biol. Conserv. 204, 6–15 (2016). We summed the branch lengths of the turtle and crocodilian phylogenies, and combined these with the median summed branch lengths from the 100 lepidosaur phylogenies to estimate total global reptilian PD. As reptiles are paraphyletic with regards to birds, any estimations of reptilian PD for grid cells containing at least one lepidosaur and one of either turtles or crocodilians are conservative as they omit the lengths of the phylogenetic branches connecting the three lineages within reptiles. Though crocodilians were included in analyses of all reptiles, we do not report their individual results because they comprise of only 25 species 27. We adopted these five categories of human pressure of Venter et al. 42 to determine whether there were greater levels of reptile PE in regions under higher human pressure using ANOVA and Tukey’s Honest Significant Differences Test. The use the five categories of human pressure outlined by Venter et al. 42 rather than the 51 fine-scale values for Human Footprint also improves the accuracy (at the expense of precision) of grid cell value assignment when upscaling the spatial data from 1 km x 1 km to 96.5 ×96.5 km resolution to match the species distribution data (Supplementary Fig. 8). Reptiles come in a variety of shapes and sizes, but they all typically have four legs and a long tail. Some reptiles, such as snakes, do not have legs and instead move by slithering across the ground. When you’re finished, you should have a detailed and realistic looking reptile drawing! Understanding Reptile Anatomy

To calculate the human pressure (HP)-weighted spatial distribution of a phylogenetic branch we first linearly scored each terrestrial grid cell in the distribution according to which of the five classes of human pressure the grid cell belongs. These are: 1 = ‘no pressure’ (Human Footprint = 0); 0.8 = ‘low pressure’ (HF = 1–2); 0.6 = ‘moderate pressure’ (HF = 3–5); 0.4 = ‘high pressure’ (HF = 6–11); 0.2 = ‘very high pressure’ (HF = 12–50) 42 (see Supplementary Fig. 8). These weightings are not intended to account for finer scale gaps in the range (spatial distribution) due to human pressure, but rather to provide a better proxy for threat than range size alone. As the Human Footprint scores, and subsequent human pressure categories, are the result of an ensemble of threats that vary in nature, the true proportion of remaining suitable habitat will differ across grid cells of equal human pressure (Supplementary Fig. 8) and will also be species and disturbance-specific. Our scoring of grid cells based on broad categories of human pressure provides a relative weighting under the assumption that increased human pressure in a cell will have a negative impact on all coincident species 42. Finally, add any other details you want, such as the eyes, mouth, and claws. And that’s it – you’ve now learned how to draw a reptile! Sketching the Basic Body Shape and Proportions Similarly, HITE scores of Data Deficient tetrapods (median = 7.2 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2) are higher than those of Least Concern (6.3 ×10 −6 MY −1 km 2), Near Threatened (6.7 ×10 −5 MY −1 km 2) and Vulnerable species (2.0 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; adjusted p-values from ANOVA and Tukey HSD < 0.001), and are comparable to those of Endangered (6.9 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2) and Critically Endangered species (9.5 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; adjusted p-values from ANOVA and Tukey HSD > 0.05; Fig. 5b). This indicates that Data Deficient species are similarly irreplaceable, have similarly small ranges, and are under comparable levels of human pressure as threatened species. Within Data Deficient species, amphibians have the highest HITE scores (median = 1.5 ×10 −3 MY −1 km 2), followed by lepidosaurs (4.7 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; lizards = 5.5 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2, snakes = 3.8 ×10 −4 MY −1 km 2; Fig. 5c). We used the HP-weighted distributions to calculate a new spatial PD metric, derived from PE, which we term HIPE. This approach apportions the PD of each branch of the phylogeny according to each grid cell’s contribution to the total HP-weighted distribution of the branch (Fig. 1, Supplementary Table 1). When a branch is found either in one grid cell or in multiple grid cells of the same HP-weighted grid cell value, HIPE is equivalent to PE in apportioning PD. However, when a branch occurs in grid cells that differ in their HP (i.e. that vary in human pressure), PD is apportioned by the relative contribution of the HP-weighted grid cells. Thus, grid cells with lower human pressure (higher HP-weighted grid cell score) receive a greater proportion of PD to reflect their higher present value. Consequently, branches that are entirely distributed across grid cells of high human pressure contribute a greater proportion of PD to highly impacted grid cells than branches that also occur in grid cells under low human pressure. http://www.geocities.com/psyop911/irish-times-sympathy-for-the-devil-in-a-land-where-lucifer-reigns.html

References & Where to Learn More

As biodiversity hotspots and concentrations of threatened amphibians, birds and mammals coincide with regions under high human pressure 42, we explored the relationship between concentrations of irreplaceable reptilian diversity and human pressure using a spatially corrected Pearson correlation of reptile PE and Human Footprint values between 0 and 50 across all grid cells containing at least one reptile species.

Neuroscientist Paul MacLean conceived the 'Triune Brain' model in which three major brain structures are thought to be in control of three major aspects of human thought and behavior. One of these brain structures is referred to as the 'Pre-reptilian' or primal brain, as it is in charge of our basic, primal drives, such as self-preservation, preservation of family, and reproduction. One of the major functions of the primal brain is to help us distinguish between threatening and non-threatening stimuli. At its most basic form, this function is represented in our ability to distinguish between familiar objects, things, people, scenarios, etc. and unfamiliar objects, etc. immediately. Designing according to the primal brain can encompass all of the basic drives we have, but one of the most effective ways of targeting the primal brain is to make new things seem familiar. References & Where to Learn More Jetz, W. et al. Global distribution and conservation of evolutionary distinctness in birds. Curr. Biol. 24, 919–930 (2014). Maritz, B. et al. Identifying global priorities for the conservation of vipers. Biol. Conserv. 204, 94–102 (2016). The story is that this Brazilian guy, Joao Valerio da Silva, and his eldest son were abducted by Rama the alien on a regular basis, and taken to his home planet to have sex with the females to repopulate it,” MacDonald says. Stevens devoted a book to this, as he put it, “strange” case in which one abductee recalled that a female alien he had encountered “had a bosum [sic] like they have in India. A thing most attractive.”Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Israel At the species level, reptiles embody more unique evolutionary history than amphibians, birds or mammals. Turtles have particularly long terminal branches, indicating that each turtle species, on average, represents large amounts of unique evolutionary history. It is troubling to note that, across tetrapods, Data Deficient and threatened species also generally comprise more unique evolutionary history than non-threatened species.