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DNA taken from 25 skeletons from 14th century London showed that plague is a strain of Y. pestis almost identical to that which hit Madagascar in 2013. [57] [58] Further DNA evidence also proves the role of Y. pestis and traces the source to the Tian Shan mountains in Kyrgyzstan. [59] Alternative explanations According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague; [125] [g] Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it may have been as high as 60%. [126] [h] Sehdev PS (November 2002). "The origin of quarantine". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (9): 1071–1072. doi: 10.1086/344062. PMID 12398064.
Bennett JM, Hollister CW (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072955156.Some upper-class men joined processions of flagellants that traveled from town to town and engaged in public displays of penance and punishment: They would beat themselves and one another with heavy leather straps studded with sharp pieces of metal while the townspeople looked on. For 33 1/2 days, the flagellants repeated this ritual three times a day. Then they would move on to the next town and begin the process over again. Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-658-2. The plague hits Marseille, Paris and Normandy, and then the strain splits, with one strain moving onto the now-Belgian city of Tournai to the east and the other passing through Calais. and Avignon, where 50 percent of the population dies.
Baker G (1847) [1350]. Gilles AJ (ed.). Galfridi Le Baker de Swinbroke, Chronicon Angliae temporibus Edwardi II et Edwardi III (in Latin and English). Londini: apud Jacobum Bohn. LCCN 08014593. OL 6996785M. Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 – via Internet Archive. Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate". phys.org. 20 May 2013. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019 . Retrieved 22 March 2020.Morelli G, Song Y, Mazzoni CJ, Eppinger M, Roumagnac P, Wagner DM, etal. (December 2010). "Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity". Nature Genetics. 42 (12): 1140–1143. doi: 10.1038/ng.705. PMC 2999892. PMID 21037571. Lodewijk Heyligen, whose master Cardinal Colonna died of plague in 1348, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems. [67] Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90–95%. [117] Septicemic plague
Today, this grim sequence of events is terrifying but comprehensible. In the middle of the 14th century, however, there seemed to be no rational explanation for it. de Corbeil G (1907) [1200]. Valentin R (ed.). Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium (in Latin). Harvard University: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri.Symptoms of the plague include fever of 38–41°C (100–106°F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, 80% of victims die within eight days. [112]
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