Transpac Resin Birch Santa Figurine, Set of 3, Assortment

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a b "Joines & Kotz's "Krampus!" Terrorizes Christmas at Image". Comic Book Resources. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2014. Siefker, Phyllis (1997). Santa Claus, last of the Wild Men: the origins and evolution of Saint Nicholas. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Co. pp.155–159. ISBN 978-0-7864-0246-5.

The Krampus figures persisted, and by the 17th century Krampus had been incorporated into Christian winter celebrations by pairing Krampus with St. Nicholas. [10] Modern history [ edit ] The character of Krampus has been imported and modified for various North American media, [19] [37] including print (e.g. Krampus: The Devil of Christmas, a collection of vintage postcards by Monte Beauchamp in 2004; [38] [26] Krampus: The Yule Lord, a 2012 novel by Gerald Brom [39]); Krampus, a comic series from Image Comics in 2013 created by Dean Kotz and Brian Joines, television – both live action (" A Krampus Carol", a 2012 episode of The League [37]) and animation (" A Very Venture Christmas", a 2004 episode of The Venture Bros., [19] " Minstrel Krampus", a 2013 episode of American Dad! [40])–video games ( CarnEvil, a 1998 arcade game, [41] The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, a 2014 video game [42]), and film ( Krampus, a 2015 Christmas comedy horror movie from Universal Pictures [43]). Olsen, Erik (21 December 2014). "In Bavaria, Krampus Catches the Naughty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Austrians in the community we studied are quite aware of "heathen" elements being blended with Christian elements in the Saint Nicholas customs and in other traditional winter ceremonies. They believe Krampus derives from a pagan supernatural who was assimilated to the Christian devil. [9]Crimmins, Peter (10 December 2011). "Horror for the Holidays: Meet the Anti-Santa". National Public Radio. Krampus is thought to come from either Bavarian: krampn, meaning "dead", "rotten", or from the German: kramp/krampen, meaning "claw". [5] [6] [7] Origins [ edit ] A person dressed as Krampus at Morzger Pass, Salzburg, Austria Honigmann, John J. (Autumn 1977). "The Masked Face". Ethos. 5 (3): 263–80. doi: 10.1525/eth.1977.5.3.02a00020. a b c Basu, Tanya (17 December 2013). "Who is Krampus? Explaining the Horrific Christmas Devil". National Geographic Magazine. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014. The origin of the figure is unclear; some folklorists and anthropologists have postulated it as having pre-Christian origins. [2] In traditional parades and in such events as the Krampuslauf (English: Krampus run), young men dressed as Krampus attempt to scare the audience with their antics. [3] Such events occur annually in most Alpine towns. [4] Krampus is featured on holiday greeting cards called Krampuskarten.

In the aftermath of the 1932 election in Austria, the Krampus tradition was prohibited by the Dollfuss regime [11] under the clerical fascist Fatherland Front ( Vaterländische Front) and the Christian Social Party. Silver, Marc (30 November 2009). "Merry Krampus?". NGM Blog Central. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2011. Throw Out Krampus". Time. 7 December 1953. p.41. Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2011. Europeans have been exchanging greeting cards featuring Krampus since the 19th century. [26] Sometimes introduced with Gruß vom Krampus (Greetings from Krampus), the cards usually have humorous rhymes and poems. Krampus is often featured looming menacingly over children. He is also shown as having one human foot and one cloven hoof. In some, Krampus has sexual overtones; he is pictured pursuing buxom women. [27] Over time, the representation of Krampus in the cards has changed; older versions have a more frightening Krampus, while modern versions have a cuter, more Cupid-like creature. [ citation needed] Krampus has also adorned postcards and candy containers. [28] Regional variation [ edit ] Davis, Robert (2004). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403945518.Kallikantzaros– Malevolent goblin in Southeastern European and Anatolian folklore – Creature in Balkan folklore Krampus appears in the folklore of Austria, Bavaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Northern Italy ( Autonomous Province of Trento and South Tyrol), Slovakia, and Slovenia. [29] Reed, Ashley; Houghton, David (19 December 2014). "12 games where you beat the everloving cheer out of Santa Claus". GamesRadar . Retrieved 21 December 2014.

Yule goat– Scandinavian decorative Christmas straw goat, a goat associated with the midwinter period among the North Germanic peoples Mittermayr, Helmut (8 December 2013). "70 Verletzte bei Krampuslauf"[70 injured in Krampus run]. Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). a b c d e f g h Bruce, Maurice (March 1958). "The Krampus in Styria". Folklore. 69 (1): 44–47. doi: 10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717121.

Silvesterklaus, a Swiss New Year's Eve celebration featuring a musical procession of performers in grotesque costumes. FOTO: Sveti Nikola i Krampus stigli su morem i nagradili dobru djecu"[PHOTO: Saint Nicholas and Krampus arrived by sea and rewarded good children]. Liburnija.net (in Croatian). 26 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016. A seasonal play that spread throughout the Alpine regions was known as the Nikolausspiel [ de] ("Nicholas play"). Inspired by Paradise plays, [ citation needed] which focused on Adam and Eve's encounter with a tempter, the Nicholas plays featured competition for the human souls and played on the question of morality. In these Nicholas plays, Saint Nicholas would reward children for scholarly efforts rather than for good behavior. [24] This is a theme that grew in Alpine regions where the Roman Catholic Church had significant influence. [ citation needed] Perchtenlauf and Krampuslauf [ edit ] A toned-down version of Krampus is part of the popular Christmas markets in Austrian urban centres like Salzburg. In these, more tourist-friendly interpretations, Krampus is more humorous than fearsome. [30] Dallas Krampus Society Walk, 2016 Williams, Victoria (2016). Celebrating Life Customs around the World: From Baby Showers to Funerals. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p.222. ISBN 978-1-4408-3659-6– via Google Books.

Apkarian-Russell, Pamela (2001). Postmarked yesteryear: art of the holiday postcard. Portland, Oregon: Collectors Press. p.136. ISBN 978-1-888054-54-5. Oltermann, Philip (8 December 2019). "Austria struggles with marauding Krampus demons gone rogue: Police record rising violence and drunkenness in relation to traditional folkloric festivities". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2019. The figure has been imported into American popular culture, and has appeared in movies, TV and video games.Protomelas krampus, the freshwater actinopterygian fish, is named after Krampus. [45] Gallery [ edit ] Sveti Nikola – Mikulaš"[Saint Nicholas - Mikulas]. www.hrvatskarijec.rs (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015. Hix, Lisa (11 December 2012). "You'd Better Watch Out: Krampus Is Coming to Town". Collectors Weekly . Retrieved 4 December 2018. In the 1950s, the government distributed pamphlets titled "Krampus Is an Evil Man" for fear that encounters with Krampus might damage children's mental health. [12] Towards the end of the century, a popular resurgence of Krampus celebrations occurred and continues today. [13]