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The study of logical argumentation is relevant to the study of critical thinking. Logic is concerned with the analysis of arguments, including the appraisal of their correctness or incorrectness. [33] In the field of epistemology, critical thinking is considered to be logically correct thinking, which allows for differentiation between logically true and logically false statements. [34]

Dialectic– Discursive method of arriving at the truth by way of reasoned contradiction and argumentation a b Visser, Jan; Visser, Muriel (2019). Seeking Understanding: The Lifelong Pursuit to Build the Scientific Mind. Leiden: Brill. p.233. ISBN 978-90-04-41680-2.a b Scriven, Michael; Paul, Richard (1987). "Critical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking". www.criticalthinking.org. The Foundation for Critical Thinking . Retrieved 21 January 2022. Critical thinking has seven critical features: being inquisitive and curious, being open-minded to different sides, being able to think systematically, being analytical, being persistent to truth, being confident about critical thinking itself, and lastly, being mature. [26] After undertaking research in schools, Edward M. Glaser proposed in 1941 that the ability to think critically involves three elements: [37]

Induction is drawing a conclusion from a pattern that is guaranteed by the strictness of the structure to which it applies. For example: The sum of even integers is even. Let x , y , z ∈ Z {\displaystyle x,y,z\in \mathbb {Z} } then 2 x , 2 y , 2 z {\displaystyle 2x,2y,2z} are even by definition. If x + y = z {\displaystyle x+y=z} , then 2 x + 2 y = 2 ( x + y ) = 2 z {\displaystyle 2x+2y=2(x+y)=2z} , which is even; so summing two even numbers results in an even number. Contemporary cognitive psychology regards human reasoning as a complex process that is both reactive and reflective. [43] This presents a problem which is detailed as a division of a critical mind in juxtaposition to sensory data and memory. Solomon, S.A. (2002) "Two Systems of Reasoning", in Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, Govitch, Griffin, Kahneman (Eds), Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8; Thinking and Reasoning in Human Decision Making: The Method of Argument and Heuristic Analysis, Facione and Facione, 2007, California Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-891557-58-3In "First wave" logical thinking, the thinker is removed from the train of thought, and the analysis of connections between concepts or points in thought is ostensibly free of any bias. In his essay Beyond Logicism in Critical Thinking Kerry S. Walters describes this ideology thus: "A logistic approach to critical thinking conveys the message to students that thinking is legitimate only when it conforms to the procedures of informal (and, to a lesser extent, formal) logic and that the good thinker necessarily aims for styles of examination and appraisal that are analytical, abstract, universal, and objective. This model of thinking has become so entrenched in conventional academic wisdom that many educators accept it as canon". [29] Such principles are concomitant with the increasing dependence on a quantitative understanding of the world. [ citation needed]