Winter-burning

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There's really useful advice in the Keep Warm Keep Well booklet produced by the Government. This booklet aims to help you maintain good health during winter and take advantage of the financial help and benefits available. It is aimed at over 60s, low-income families, and people living with a disability. Stay safe with fires, heaters and electric blankets Change in duff at the plot level was not explained well with any of our variables. It was not the case that higher duff loads impeded fine fuel consumption, but duff consumption was generally low (2–31% at the plot level), as expected. Variability associated with duff load and consumption make it especially difficult to find predictors at the plot level (e.g., Westfall and Woodall 2007). The best-fit model for explaining change in shrub cover included pre-fire fuel load as a predictor, but the change in shrub cover with fuel load was minimal (<1% additional increase in fuel consumed per additional Mg ha −1 of load). The conservative model did not reveal any relationships between shrub cover changes and our measured variables. Overall, this reflects the fact that shrub cover was reduced dramatically whenever it was present on most plots regardless of the specific structure surrounding the shrubs. Lyons-Tinsley, C., and D.L. Peterson. 2012. Surface fuel treatments in young, regenerating stands affect wildfire severity in a mixed conifer forest, eastside Cascade Range, Washington, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 270: 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.04.016.

Your energy bill will include; a breakdown of costs, such as daily standing charges and the cost of energy used in the period covered by the bill, tariff information and a record of your past energy usage.

Many wood-burning stoves are sold on their supposedly green credentials, as trees can be regrown, and absorb carbon from the air as they do. But environmental campaigners point out that in fact wood-burning on a large scale does not benefit the climate, as the carbon from burning is released into the atmosphere now but trees take up to a century to regrow and store the equivalent emissions. Collectively, these findings imply that, in addition to the many non-climatic barriers to prescribed fire implementation 31, climate change will likely further complicate efforts to use prescribed fire as a wildfire risk management and ecological enhancement tool. As has been evidenced by public policy conversations and real-world fire suppression decisions made in response to high-profile prescribed fire escapes 36, 37, contemporary practitioners of prescribed fire are operating under climate and vegetat Given recent high-profile public discussions regarding the implications of escaped prescribed fires occurring under conditions characterized by unusually low vegetation and dead FM 37, including specific calls to use indices relevant to large-diameter FM (e.g., energy release component) 36, 38, we quantify the importance of considering large-diameter dead FM in WUS prescribed burn plans. To do so, we recalculate our historical RxDay baseline excluding 100-h and 1000-h dead FM constraints (i.e., consideration of large diameter woody debris (~3 cm to 20 cm in diameter), which includes heavy dead brush as well as downed trees and logs, for comparison to our original RxDay definition (which includes these constraints). Stephens, S.L., B.M. Collins, and G. Roller. 2012. Fuel treatment longevity in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 285: 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.08.030. given a ‘burning notice’ requiring you to notify Natural England of any vegetation burning you propose to do in the next 2 years

Electric blankets: do not use a hot water bottle, even if the blanket's switched off. Unplug blankets before you go to bed, unless they have thermostat control for safe all-night use. Carbon monoxide poisoning risk The UK has 13 per cent of the world’s blanket bog, which the Government yesterday said was the equivalent of England’s ‘national rainforests’. The implications of these changes to pollution patterns, and the potential for much broader exposure to pollution, have not yet been fully taken into account in government policy, Fuller added, and more research and monitoring was needed. Defenders of burning argue that it can limit the impact of wildfires by removing the fuel load on peatlands, an argument that Defra appear to have become more sympathetic to in the wake of recent fires on Saddleworth Moor in West Yorkshire. Everyone worked very hard this summer, everyone was tired with the consecutive shifts,” Morin said. “We are starting to see the consequences of tiredness and the effect on people’s mental states.

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Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O., and Kaufman, Y. J.: An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 87, pp. 273–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00184-6, 2003. season (May–June), most fires are located between 32 and 36 ∘ N, extending from 112 to 120 ∘ E near the coast. In the Permanent 0.04 ha circular plots on a 60-m grid were established prior to burns, resulting in ten plots per stand. This sampling intensity at the stand level was used in the national Fire and Fire Surrogate Study (Weatherspoon and McIver 2000) in stands with more within-stand variability than were used here. Within plots, all trees greater than 11.4 cm dbh were tagged. Trees were identified by species and measured for dbh. Percent crown volume scorch (PCVS) for each tree was visually estimated to the nearest 5% immediately following burns. PCVS is a widely used measure of crown damage (Wooley et al. 2012). Tree status (alive or dead) was surveyed 1 year following the burns to assess post burn mortality. Pre- and post-burn shrub cover within the 0.04 ha plots was visually estimated to the nearest 5%. Post-fire, the percent of each plot covered with ash was also estimated with the same method. To improve precision, shrub cover by species and ash cover was estimated within each quadrant of the plot and then averaged across the quadrants to estimate plot-level cover. Only woody shrubs were considered for analysis. The three most dominant species were Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn., Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg, and Arctostaphylos patula Greene . The most obvious way to avoid unwanted outcomes is to burn during weather and fuel conditions that avoid unacceptable canopy damage. Winter burning in the western US is not a common practice and no literature describes its role in either mature or young stands. This may be because it is assumed that conditions are simply too wet or under cover of snow (Knapp et al. 2005). Anthropogenic snowfall reductions in the mixed conifer region, while concerning given ecosystem service and societal impacts (Huang et al. 2018), may provide emerging opportunities for winter season prescribed fires, which in turn may help increase fuel treatment work more broadly. Winter burning is not completely new in mixed conifer forests, as Indigenous burning likely included winter burning at small spatial scales in between winter storms (Biswell 1989). A reason to be cautious with winter burns is the risk of applying silvicultural treatments that are outside of the historic disturbance regime (e.g., Seymour et al. 2002). To align strictly with the seasonality of the historic fire regime, prescribed burns would be applied in the summer or early fall (Keeley and Safford 2016) . The counterargument is that studies of spring versus fall burn effects on ecological variables mainly find either small or no differences (e.g., Knapp and Keeley 2006), thus providing an ecological argument for conducting spring burns. Because vegetation is typically dormant, winter burn effects may not be distinctly negative. Independent of climate trends or ecological objectives, the logistical advantages to winter burning are significant. They include: elevated live fuel moisture allows managers to consider burning during wider ranges of wind and relative humidity; because of lower probabilities of escape, fewer personnel are needed to conduct burns; there is less need for patrolling following burns given the frequency of storms to provide mop-up functions; and burn permits are much easier to obtain or may not be needed at all in some locations (York et al. 2020). Li, M., Zhang, Q., Kurokawa, J.-I., Woo, J.-H., He, K., Lu, Z., Ohara, T., Song, Y., Streets, D. G., Carmichael, G. R., Cheng, Y., Hong, C., Huo, H., Jiang, X., Kang, S., Liu, F., Su, H., and Zheng, B.: MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 935–963, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-935-2017, 2017.

To find out more about energy efficiency visit www.gov.uk/energy-grants-calculator or phone the Energy Saving Advice Service on 0300 123 1234 / Home Energy Scotland on 0808 808 2282. Close the door with a piece of paper placed at various points around the seal. If you can pull the paper out with ease, it’s a sign the seal isn’t tight. It might be time to replace the gasket. Stove glass Tom Orde-Powlett, the heir to the Bolton Castle Estate, cautioned that the ban could threaten the viability of driven grouse shooting in England. NatWest, RBS and Ulster Bank to close at least 172 branches in 2023/24 – here's the full list, plus alternatives Across regions and seasons, the largest increment of simulated RxDay decrease occurs in the first ~50 years (i.e., 1981–2030)—suggesting that the rate of further RxDay decline might slow appreciably in the coming decades on the RCP4.5 trajectory (Fig. 4). However, because observed historical (1981–2020) decreases in RxDays are less uniform and generally weaker than projected by climate models over the same period, it is possible that much of the WUS had not yet (as of 2020) “realized” the expected climate-driven decrease in RxDays that might otherwise have occurred over that period (Fig. 2. vs. Fig. S3). This suggests that the near-term (2021–2060) future trajectory toward fewer RxDays across most of the WUS could potentially be steeper than depicted here. Importance of large-diameter FM and long-term dryingSome of these energy-saving tips may seem obvious but they can make a big difference when it comes to reducing your fuel bill. Councils are unlikely to have the resources to regularly monitor the output of people’s chimneys so they will rely on public complaints. The NBTA said this could be abused by residents hostile to itinerant lifestyles. “There is a risk that the smoke controls could be used to move on boaters,” said Saville. “Unfortunately there is an issue with resentment towards itinerant populations here in the UK.” Cheng, Y., Engling, G., He, K.-B., Duan, F.-K., Ma, Y.-L., Du, Z.-Y., Liu, J.-M., Zheng, M., and Weber, R. J.: Biomass burning contribution to Beijing aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 7765–7781, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7765-2013, 2013. Knapp, E.E., J.E. Keeley, E.A. Ballenger, and T.J. Brennan. 2005. Fuel reduction and coarse woody debris dynamics with early season and late season prescribed fire in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 208 (1-3): 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.01.016. Low-intensity prescribed fire is the lowest-cost treatment available for reducing surface fuels in both mature (Hartsough et al. 2008) and young forests (Stewart et al. In Press). Prescribed fire may enhance what is thought to be resilience in plantations, but neither the feasibility nor effects are well studied (North et al. 2019). The predominant strategy for managing for timber growth is to avoid fire, intentional or not, and hope to achieve a large-tree structure before the next wildfire. This assumption is arguably no longer valid, as the probability of a high severity fire occurring in a developing stand has increased across all ownership types despite increasing fire suppression efforts (Starrs et al. 2018). Thus, the use of fire in plantations and the protection of long-term economic investments are no longer mutually exclusive. Yet, any benefit to prescribed fire in plantations will inevitably be weighed against negative impacts to tree growth and survival. Despite the benefits of prescribed fire, its operational bluntness is in stark contrast to the high precision of other treatments to which managers are accustomed. Using prescribed fire during dry conditions in the early fall (York et al. 2021) or when terminal buds of trees are vulnerable in the spring during active growth (Agee 1993; Bellows et al. 2016) may result in levels of fire-related damage or mortality that are unacceptable, thus causing managers to discontinue the use of prescribed fire.

Kobziar, L.N., J.R. McBride, and S. Stephens. 2009. The efficacy of fire and fuels reduction treatments in a Sierra Nevada pine plantation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 18 (7): 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF06097. Landowners will have to apply for licences for burning on deep peat in protected areas under new legislation to be brought in by Defra. Proper ventilation ensures that the combustion gases from your stove are expelled efficiently, and fresh air is circulated around the room. The Chancellor Jeremy Hunt has today (Wednesday 22 November) announced a range of tax, benefits and savings measures. We round up the key announcements and what they mean for you.

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The impact upon the world’s climate will be even more significant than this. According to data from the European Union’s satellite monitoring service, more than 1.7bn tons of planet-heating gases have been released this year by the enormous fires – about three times the total emissions that Canada, a major fossil fuel-producing nation, itself produces each year. York, R.A., H. Noble, L. Quinn-Davidson, and J.J. Battles. 2021. Pyrosilviculture: Combining prescribed fire with gap-based silviculture in mixed-conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51 (6): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0337. Make it a routine to clear out ashes from your stove, following the recommended safety precautions. This not only enhances safety but also promotes better combustion.