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a b c Salesa, M. J.; Peigné, S.; Antón, M. & Morales, J. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.15–29. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3.

Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, colour patterns, and population genetics. [32] The red panda is largely herbivorous and feeds primarily on bamboo, mainly the genera Phyllostachys, Sinarundinaria, Thamnocalamus and Chimonobambusa. [60] It also feeds on fruits, blossoms, acorns, eggs, birds and small mammals. Bamboo leaves may be the most abundant food item year-round and the only food they can access during winter. [61] In Wolong National Nature Reserve, leaves of the bamboo species Bashania fangiana were found in nearly 94 per cent of analysed droppings, and its shoots were found in 59 per cent of the droppings found in June. [58] The family Ailuridae appears to have evolved in Europe in either the Late Oligocene or Early Miocene, about 25to18 million years ago. The earliest member Amphictis is known from its 10cm (4in) skull and may have been around the same size as the modern species. Its dentition consists of sharp premolars and carnassials (P4 and m1) and molars adapted for grinding (M1, M2 and m2), suggesting that it had a generalised carnivorous diet. Its placement within Ailuridae is based on the grooves on the side of its canine teeth. Other early or basal ailurids include Alopecocyon and Simocyon, whose fossils have been found throughout Eurasia and North America dating from the Middle Miocene, the latter of which survived into the Early Pliocene. Both have similar teeth to Amphictis and thus had a similar diet. [19] The puma-sized Simocyon was likely a tree-climber and shared a "false thumb"—an extended wrist bone—with the modern species, suggesting the appendage was an adaptation to arboreal locomotion and not to feed on bamboo. [19] [20] Giant Pandas". National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010. In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm. [107] The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third cub of You You, an 11-year-old. [107] [108] [109] The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the dwindling availability of giant panda semen, which had led to inbreeding. [109] [110] Panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species. [107] [108] It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more giant pandas. [110] In August 2014, a rare birth of panda triplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever reported. [111]Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos. [130] a b Wallace, S. C. & Wang, X. (2004). "Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America" (PDF). Nature. 431 (7008): 556–559. Bibcode: 2004Natur.431..556W. doi: 10.1038/nature02819. PMID 15457257. S2CID 4432191.

Go Basic: Serve with Jasmine or Basmati rice and steamed vegetables like green beans or broccoli. Try easy homemade Egg Drop Soup as an appetizer. a b c d "Giant Panda". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 August 2010. Khangchendzonga National Park, Singalila National Park, Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, [41] Namdapha National Park [87] Before we dig deeper into cat psychology, first we got in touch with the r/OneOrangeBraincell subreddit moderator to tell us more about their idea behind it. “I know there is already a r/animalsbeingderpsand r/whatswrongwithyourcatsubreddit, but I felt there needed to be a specific sub just for orange cats. I noticed when orange cats were posted on Reddit, doing some silly or chaotic thing, everyone had similar titles saying, "all orange cats share one brain cell". I kept seeing this over and over, so I decided it was time to create a subreddit centered around this concept,” wrote the subreddit creator. The origin of the name panda is uncertain, but one of the most likely theories is that it derived from the Nepali word "ponya". [3] The word पञ्जा pajā or पौँजा pañjā means "ball of the foot" and "claws". [4] The Nepali words "nigalya ponya" has been translated as "bamboo footed" and is thought to be the red panda's Nepali name; in English, it was simply called panda, and was the only animal known under this name for more than 40 years; it became known as the red panda or lesser panda to distinguish it from the giant panda, which was formally described and named in 1869. [3]The forepaws possess a "false thumb", which is an extension of a wrist bone, the radial sesamoid found in many carnivorans. This thumb allows the animal to grip onto bamboo stalks and both the digits and wrist bones are highly flexible. The red panda shares this feature with the giant panda, which has a larger sesamoid that is more compressed at the sides. In addition, the red panda's sesamoid has a more sunken tip while the giant panda's curves in the middle. These features give the giant panda more developed dexterity. [32] a b Chakraborty, R.; Nahmo, L. T.; Dutta, P. K.; Srivastava, T.; Mazumdar, K. & Dorji, D. (2015). "Status, abundance, and habitat associations of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in Pangchen Valley, Arunachal Pradesh, India". Mammalia. 79 (1): 25–32. doi: 10.1515/mammalia-2013-0105. S2CID 87668179. The red panda inhabits coniferous forests as well as temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, favouring steep slopes with dense bamboo cover close to water sources. It is solitary and largely arboreal. It feeds mainly on bamboo shoots and leaves, but also on fruits and blossoms. Red pandas mate in early spring, with the females giving birth to litters of up to four cubs in summer. It is threatened by poaching as well as destruction and fragmentation of habitat due to deforestation. The species has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2015. It is protected in all range countries. a b Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S. & Murray, P. J. (2020). "What is driving the increased demand for red panda pelts?". Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 25 (4): 324–338. doi: 10.1080/10871209.2020.1728788. S2CID 213958948.

Scientists Discover Evidence of Giant Panda's Population History and Local Adaptati The giant panda typically lives around 20 years in the wild and up to 30 years in captivity. [52] A female named Jia Jia was the oldest giant panda ever in captivity; she was born in 1978 and died at an age of 38 on 16 October 2016. [53] Pathologya b Groves, C. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.95–117. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. a b Law, C. J.; Slater, G. J. & Mehta, R. S. (2018). "Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods". Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127–144. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syx047. PMID 28472434. a b Roberts, M. S. & Kessler, D. S. (1979). "Reproduction in Red pandas, Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora: Ailuropodidae)". Journal of Zoology. 188 (2): 235–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1979.tb03402.x.

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