Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

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Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. Interactive VitalSource e-Text: Students can easily search content, highlight and take notes, access instructor’s notes and highlights, and read offline to any device.

Revised, Added, and Illustrated Clinical Connections: Includes a Clinical Connection in Chapter 23 dealing with tracheostomy, endotracheal intubations, and ventilators. The cell is the smallest unit of life. Organelles within the cell are specialized bodies performing specific cellular functions. Cells themselves may be specialized. Thus, there are nerve cells, bone cells, and muscle cells. word “anatomy” comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.” Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect bodies of the An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues.Above all, Gerard is devoted to his students and their aspirations. In recognition of this commitment, Gerard was the recipient of MACUB's 1992 President's Memorial Award. In 1996, he received a National Institute for Staff and Organizational Development (NISOD) excellence award from the University of Texas and was selected to represent Bergen Community College in a campaign to increase awareness of the contributions of community colleges to higher education. A tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. Muscle tissue, for example, consists of muscle cells.

Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross‐section. is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices ( Figure 1.2 b). Microscopic anatomy includes cytology, the study of cells and histology, the study of tissues. As the technology of microscopes has advanced, anatomists have been able to observe smaller and smaller structures The posterior/dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord).is the scientific study of the body’s structures. Some of these structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with the assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. The Jun 15, 2023 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification ( Figure 1.2 a). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and

physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body. is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal New Opening Questions: Each chapter starts with questions designed to stimulate interest and class discussion, accompanied by new illustrations. The anterior/ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity (which contains the lungs, each in its own pleural cavity, and the heart, in the pericardial cavity) and the abdominopelvic cavity (which contains the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity and the bladder and reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity). are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written

is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts. complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking. Physiologists may work from the organ level (exploring, for example, what different parts of the brain do) to the molecular level (such as exploring how an electrochemical signal travels along Practitioner’s Perspective Videos: These engaging videos share the perspective of the clinician on a clinical case study. The clinicians represent an array of possible future careers for the students, including doctors and nurses but also EMT, audiologist, acupuncturist, and radiologic technician. The practitioners are diverse and represent broad student populations. Each of these practitioner’s share an engaging story about a person who is experiencing a disease state such as kidney stones, multiple sclerosis, burns, or a cochlear implant. An organism is a system possessing the characteristics of living things—the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce.