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A second soldier involved in both events was ‘mentioned in despatches’ at the behest of Kitson for his alleged bravery in the face of the enemy. The Attlee government was determined to retain colonial rule there because of the huge sums it earned there from rubber and tin, greater than that earned by Britain’s own exports.

He subsequently authored two books on counter-insurgency, believed to be the blueprint for British policy in the Troubles. Bloody Sunday campaigner Eamonn McCann says glowing obituaries of General Sir Frank Kitson show that the “British Establishment has learnt no lessons” and still reveres one of the Army’s “top killers”. Correction, 6 January 2021: We have edited this article to name Patrick Heenan as such, following his family's usage .The lasting legacy of Kitson’s tactics in Belfast was a framework of intelligence tactics of penetration of paramilitaries, abuse of prisoners and the psyops of disinformation, with ‘going in hard’ against the Provisional IRA and coercive control of the Catholic community. Shortly after this visit to Northern Ireland, Bahrain’s Ministry for the Interior managed to locate him. Kitson wrote widely on gangs, counter-gangs and measures of deception, the use of defectors, and concepts such as pseudo-gangs and pseudo-operations. Fish vary from place to place in accordance with the sort of water in which they are designed to live, and the same can be said of subversive organisations.

If you want further access to Ireland's best local journalism, consider contributing and/or subscribing to our free daily Newsletter . Kitson adapted other experiences, notably the infiltration tactics of Edward Lansdale and Magsaysay against the Huk rebellion in the Philippines, and the covert assassination ‘Q’ squads organised by Roy Farran in Palestine.Many of those paramilitary police then went to Palestine to serve in the British police there and were involved in repressing the Arab Revolt of 1936.

Writing about this campaign, Kitson borrowed tactics from Mao Zedong and learned from his own experience with the Mau Mau, describing the relationship between army and insurgents as like that between a fisherman and fish: “If a fish has got to be destroyed it can be attacked directly by rod or net. As is traditional for senior officers of the British Army, Kitson held a number of more honorary positions: Colonel Commandant of 2nd Battalion, Royal Green Jackets from 1 January 1979 to 1 January 1987; [26] [27] Honorary Colonel to the University of Oxford Officer Training Corps from 21 July 1982 to 21 July 1987; [28] [29] and Aide-de-Camp General to the Queen from 14 February 1983 to 1985. His first experience of such wars was in Kenya in one of the worst chapters in Britain’s imperial history. A British soldier since 1946, Kitson learned his trade in Kenya where he was instrumental in brutally putting down the native Mau Mau rebellion in the 1950s. Bringing the Royal Family and the Honours System into disrepute, General Sir Frank Kitson (right), the man responsible for the Ballymurphy massacre and the vilification of its innocent murder victims.

The legal action taken against Kitson within a civil court, as compared to a military or criminal court creates a new precedent for liability in the context of war. Photo: Andrew Parsons - No 10 Downing Street / Flickr / cropped from original / shared under license CC BY-NC-ND 2. Half a million Malaysians were forced into concentration camps through a process known as ‘villagisation,’ designed, as in the Boer War, to prevent the guerrillas gaining food. From the 1950s, the regime struggled to contain an independence movement and Britain used violent crowd control techniques to prop up its puppet government.

Kitson received a CBE in the Queen’s honours list in February 1972, after wreaking havoc in Belfast in 1971. Ian Henderson was awarded the George Medal – Britain’s highest civilian award – on 28 September 1954 for his work in Kenya. It would be an opportunity for national catharsis, for the start of a process of truth and reconciliation with the peoples across the world who were subjugated by the British state. On New Year’s Day 1955, Frank Kitson was awarded the British Military Cross “in recognition of gallant and distinguished services in Kenya”. Boris Johnson and Education Secretary, Nadhim Zahawi visit the Westbury-on-Trym Church of England Academy in Bristol.Methods included beatings, sleep deprivation, and on one occasion the placing of lighted pieces of paper between the toes of a detainee. Alistair McNutt, a former police officer in Hong Kong under British rule, was a colonel in the interior ministry until 2002.

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