Saint Joan

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Shaw characterised Saint Joan as "A Chronicle Play in 6 Scenes and an Epilogue ". Joan, a simple peasant girl, claims to experience visions of Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and the archangel Michael, which she says were sent by God to guide her conduct. Sizer, Michael (2007). "The calamity of violence: Reading the Paris massacres of 1418". Journal of the Western Society for French History. 35: 19–39. OCLC 990058151. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Harrison, Kathryn (2014). Joan of Arc: A Life Transfigured. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385531207. OCLC 1194440229.

Joan's early legacy was closely associated with the divine right of the monarchy to rule France. [343] During the French Revolution, her reputation came into question because of her association with the monarchy and religion, [344] and the festival in her honor held at Orléans was suspended in 1793. [345] In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte authorized its renewal [346] and the creation of a new statue of Joan at Orléans, stating, "The illustrious Joan... proved that there is no miracle which French genius cannot accomplish when national independence is threatened." [347] Kelly, Henry Ansgar (1993). "The right to remain silent: Before and after Joan of Arc". Speculum. 68 (4): 992–1026. doi: 10.2307/2865494. JSTOR 2865494. S2CID 162858647. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021 . Retrieved 24 December 2021.

Recommended Clues

Main article: Trial of Joan of Arc The Trial of Joan of Arc, by Louis Maurice Boutet de Monvel (1909–1910, National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.) In Shaw's view Joan was, like Jesus, an agent for change - change within the established church. When Cauchon, the Bishop of Beauvais, cries out: "Must then a Christ perish in torment in every age to save those who have no imagination?" this connection is made plain, and Joan herself endorses it when she tells the court: "I am His Child, and you are not fit that I should live among you." So Saint Joan becomes Shaw's Passion play and represents Joan's life as another coming of Christ to our world. "Joan's heresies and blasphemies are not heresies and blasphemies to us," he wrote to a friend: "We Rankin, Daniel; Quintal, Claire (1964). "Authors' Comments". In Rankin, Daniel; Quintal, Claire (eds.). The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account. University of Pittsburgh Press. OCLC 1153286979.

Spring Opera Productions". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.Michelet, Jules (1900) [1855]. Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. From Mitchelet's History of France. Translated by Ketcham, Henry. A. L. Burt. OCLC 1047498185.

Aberth, John (2000). From the Brink of the Apocalypse. Routledge. ISBN 9780415927154. OCLC 1054385441. Wood, Charles (1988). Joan of Arc and Richard III: Sex, Saints, and Government in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198021094. OCLC 519442443. After the defeat at Paris, Joan's role in the French court diminished. Her aggressive independence did not agree with the court's emphasis on finding a diplomatic solution with Burgundy, and her role in the defeat at Paris reduced the court's faith in her. [162] Scholars at the University of Paris argued that she failed to take Paris because her inspiration was not divine. [163] In September, Charles disbanded the army, and Joan was not allowed to work with the Duke of Alençon again. [164] Campaign against Perrinet Gressart Miniature depicting Jeanne d'Arc from The Lives of Famous Women, by Jean Pichore [ fr] (1506, Musée Dobrée, Nantes, France) Bullough 1974, p. 1389; Crane 1996, p. 302; Hobbins 2005, p. 24; Pernoud & Clin 1986, pp. 132–133; Sullivan 1999, pp. 132–133. The Trial of Jeanne d'Arc. Translated by Barrett, Wilfred Philips. Gotham House. 1932. OCLC 1314152. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. (English language translation of Joan's trial.)Henker, F. O. (1984). "Joan of Arc and DSM III". Southern Medical Journal. 77 (12): 1488–1490. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198412000-00003. PMID 6390693. S2CID 44528365. Joan later testified that when she was thirteen, around 1425, a figure she identified as Saint Michael surrounded by angels appeared to her in the garden. [44] After this vision, she said she wept because she wanted them to take her with them. [45] Throughout her life, she had visions of St. Michael, [46] a patron saint of the Domrémy area who was seen as a defender of France. [47] She stated that she had these visions frequently and that she often had them when the church bells were rung. [48] Her visions also included St. Margaret and St. Catherine; although Joan never specified, they were probably Margaret of Antioch and Catherine of Alexandria—those most known in the area. [49] Both were known as virgin saints who strove against powerful enemies, were tortured and martyred for their beliefs, and preserved their virtue to the death. [50] Joan testified that she swore a vow of virginity to these voices. [51] When a young man from her village alleged that she had broken a promise of marriage, Joan stated that she had made him no promises, [52] and his case was dismissed by an ecclesiastical court. [53] Taylor, Craig, ed. (2006). Joan of Arc: La Pucelle (Selected Sources Translated and Annotated). Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719068478. OCLC 1150142464. Benedict XV (2021) [1920]. "Divina Disponente". The Holy See. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.

Cauchon attempted to follow correct inquisitorial procedure, [217] but the trial had many irregularities. [218] Joan should have been in the hands of the church during the trial and guarded by women, [219] but instead was imprisoned by the English and guarded by male soldiers under the command of the Duke of Bedford. [220] Contrary to canon law, Cauchon had not established Joan's infamy before proceeding with the trial. [221] Joan was not read the charges against her until well after her interrogations began. [222] The procedures were below inquisitorial standards, [223] subjecting Joan to lengthy interrogations [224] without legal counsel. [225] One of the trial clerics stepped down because he felt the testimony was coerced and its intention was to entrap Joan; [226] another challenged Cauchon's right to judge the trial and was jailed. [227] There is evidence that the trial records were falsified. [228] Other notable Joans include Judi Dench, Zoe Caldwell, Elisabeth Bergner, Constance Cummings, Ann Casson, Roberta Maxwell, Barbara Jefford, Pat Galloway, Sarah Miles, Ellen Geer, Jane Alexander, Lee Grant, Janet Suzman, Maryann Plunkett, [16] Eileen Atkins, Kitty Winn and Sarah Snook.

Gildea, Robert (1996). The Past in French History. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300067118. OCLC 638739483. Gaehtgens, Thomas (2018). Reims on Fire: War and Reconciliation Between France and Germany. Getty Research Institute. ISBN 9781606065709. OCLC 1028601667. DeVries, Kelly (1996). "A Woman as Leader of Men: Joan of Arc's Military Career". In Wheeler, Bonnie; Wood, Charles T. (eds.). Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc. Garland. pp.3–18. ISBN 0815336640. OCLC 847627589. Less than a decade after her rehabilitation trial, Pope Pius II wrote a brief biography describing her as the maid who saved the kingdom of France. [341] Louis XII commissioned a full-length biography of her around 1500. [342]