Halloween Animal Skeleton Decration Horrible Bat Skeleton Simulation Bat Model Vivid Bat Bone Yard Decorations Hangable Feet and Movable Jaws (1)

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Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O; Van Den Bussche, R. A.; de Jong, W. W.; Stanhope, M. J.; Springer, M. S. (2002). "Microbat paraphyly and the convergent evolution of a key innovation in Old World rhinolophoid microbats". PNAS. 99 (3): 1431–1436. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...99.1431T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.022477199. PMC 122208. PMID 11805285.

An older English name for bats is flittermouse, which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus), related to the fluttering of wings. Middle English had bakke, most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka ("night-bat"), which may have undergone a shift from -k- to -t- (to Modern English bat) influenced by Latin blatta, "moth, nocturnal insect". The word "bat" was probably first used in the early 1570s. [2] [3] The name "Chiroptera" derives from Ancient Greek: χείρ– cheir, "hand" [4] and πτερόν– pteron, "wing". [1] [5] Phylogeny and taxonomy [ edit ] The early Eocene fossil microchiropteran Icaronycteris, from the Green River Formation Evolution [ edit ] The diagnosis and contribution of barotrauma to bat deaths near wind turbine blades have been disputed by other research comparing dead bats found near wind turbines with bats killed by impact with buildings in areas with no turbines. [261] Cultural significance [ edit ] Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797 We didn't think that these early bats actually lived in caves. The information had been that they lived in trees around lakes and in forests which stretched right up to both poles because the Earth was very warm at this time." Eiting, T. P.; Gunnell, G. F. (2009). "Global completeness of the bat fossil record". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 16 (3): 151–173. doi: 10.1007/s10914-009-9118-x. S2CID 5923450. Jürgens, Klaus Dieter; Bartels, Heinz; Bartels, Rut (1981). "Blood oxygen transport and organ weights of small bats and small non-flying mammals". Respiration Physiology. 45 (3): 243–260. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(81)90009-8. PMID 7330485.In all, there were 400 fossil bones and teeth discovered by the French team in the cave in south-western France, which represented 23 individuals. Vielasia—which is not a direct ancestor of today's bats but may have been closely related to it—was only a small bat, with the uncrushed skull measuring only 1.8 cm long. Leading Edge Vortex Allows Bats to Stay Aloft, Aerospace Professor Reports". USC Viterbi School of Engineering. 29 February 2008. a b Hunter, P. (2007). "The nature of flight: The molecules and mechanics of flight in animals". Science and Society. 8 (9): 811–813. doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.7401050. PMC 1973956. PMID 17767190. Fenton, M. B.; Faure, P. A.; Ratcliffe, J. M. (2012). "Evolution of high duty cycle echolocation in bats". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (17): 2935–2944. doi: 10.1242/jeb.073171. PMID 22875762. S2CID 405317.

By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey. [94] Some species of moth have exploited this, such as the tiger moths, which produces aposematic ultrasound signals to warn bats that they are chemically protected and therefore distasteful. [92] [93] Moth species including the tiger moth can produce signals to jam bat echolocation. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a tympanum, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive manoeuvres. [95] [96] [97] Vision [ edit ] Surlykke, A.; Ghose, K.; Moss, C. F. (2009). "Acoustic scanning of natural scenes by echolocation in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 212 (Pt 7): 1011–1020. doi: 10.1242/jeb.024620. PMC 2726860. PMID 19282498. Colleary, C.; Dolocanc, A.; Gardnerd, J.; Singha, Suresh; Wuttkee, M. (2015). "Chemical, experimental, and morphological evidence for diagenetically altered melanin in exceptionally preserved fossils". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (41): 12592–12597. Bibcode: 2015PNAS..11212592C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1509831112. PMC 4611652. PMID 26417094.Martini, Frederic (2015). Visual anatomy & physiology. Pearson. pp.704–705. ISBN 978-0-321-91874-1. OCLC 857980151. Pavey, C. R.; Burwell, C. J. (1998). "Bat Predation on Eared Moths: A Test of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis". Oikos. 81 (1): 143–151. doi: 10.2307/3546476. JSTOR 3546476. Langley, L. (29 August 2015). "Bats and Sloths Don't Get Dizzy Hanging Upside Down – Here's Why". National Geographic . Retrieved 10 June 2017. The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of calcium near their tips. [45] [46] The elongation of bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, is due to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp signalling, Bmp2, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs–resulting in the extension of the manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for powered flight. The relative proportion of extant bat forelimb digits compared with those of Eocene fossil bats have no significant differences, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over fifty million years. [47] During flight, the bones undergo bending and shearing stress; the bending stresses felt are smaller than in terrestrial mammals, but the shearing stress is larger. The wing bones of bats have a slightly lower breaking stress point than those of birds. [48]

Lei, M.; Dong, D. (2016). "Phylogenomic analyses of bat subordinal relationships based on transcriptome data". Scientific Reports. 6: 27726. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...627726L. doi: 10.1038/srep27726. PMC 4904216. PMID 27291671. Strauß, J.; Lakes-Harlan, R. (2014). "Evolutionary and Phylogenetic Origins of Tympanal Hearing Organs in Insects". In Hedwig, B. (ed.). Insect Hearing and Acoustic Communication. Animal Signals and Communication. Vol.1. Springer. pp.5–26. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-40462-7_2. ISBN 978-3-642-40462-7. Hutcheon, J. M.; Garland, T. (2004). "Are Megabats Big?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 11 (3/4): 257. doi: 10.1023/B:JOMM.0000047340.25620.89. S2CID 11528722. We do not need anything to learn, read, or even a traditional bat tattoo to describe us that wings are the lifeline of bats. One might not be interested sometimes to just get a skeleton inked on his or her body. But this tattoo design totally denies the statement just because of the marvellous art performed on the wings of this skeleton by the artist. This means the process could have happened incredibly fast in evolutionary terms and makes it less likely that intermediate stages in bat evolution were captured in the fossil record.'a b Jones, G.; Holderied, M. W. (2007). "Bat echolocation calls: adaptation and convergent evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 274 (1612): 905–912. doi: 10.1098/Rspb.2006.0200. PMC 1919403. PMID 17251105.