Statistics without Tears: An Introduction for Non-Mathematicians

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In many surveys, studies may be carried out on large populations which may be geographically quite dispersed. To obtain the required number of subjects for the study by a simple random sample method will require large costs and will be cumbersome. In such cases, clusters may be identified (e.g. households) and random samples of clusters will be included in the study; then, every member of the cluster will also be part of the study. This introduces two types of variations in the data – between clusters and within clusters – and this will have to be taken into account when analyzing data. A sample is any part of the fully defined population. A syringe full of blood drawn from the vein of a patient is a sample of all the blood in the patient's circulation at the moment. Similarly, 100 patients of schizophrenia in a clinical study is a sample of the population of schizophrenics, provided the sample is properly chosen and the inclusion and exclusion criteria are well defined. Research workers in the early 19th century endeavored to survey entire populations. This feat was tedious, and the research work suffered accordingly. Current researchers work only with a small portion of the whole population (a sample) from which they draw inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn.

Statistics without Tears: An Introduction for Non-Mathematicians Statistics without Tears: An Introduction for Non-Mathematicians

As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Rowntree wants you to understand the concepts instead of the formulas, so it makes the read easier. If you ever had to do null-hypothesis testing in school decades ago, the content should come easy to you.

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A population is a complete set of people with a specialized set of characteristics, and a sample is a subset of the population. The usual criteria we use in defining population are geographic, for example, “the population of Uttar Pradesh”. In medical research, the criteria for population may be clinical, demographic and time related. That being said there were some good tidbits of information on misuse of statistics by third parties to strengthen their cause. Biases in marketing is a topic that interests me since I am obviously a consumer myself.

Statistics Without Tears - Derek Rowntree PDF | PDF - Scribd Statistics Without Tears - Derek Rowntree PDF | PDF - Scribd

A sample may be defined as random if every individual in the population being sampled has an equal likelihood of being included. Random sampling is the basis of all good sampling techniques and disallows any method of selection based on volunteering or the choice of groups of people known to be cooperative.[ 3]Depending on the type of exposure being studied, there may or may not be a range of choice of cohort populations exposed to it who may form a larger population from which one has to select a study sample. For instance, if one is exploring association between occupational hazard such as job stress in health care workers in intensive care units (ICUs) and subsequent development of drug addiction, one has to, by the very nature of the research question, select health care workers working in ICUs. On the other hand, cause effect study for association between head injury and epilepsy offers a much wider range of possible cohorts. BOPA presents a 6 part live e-learning Statistics Webinar series to help you understand and work on Statistics without Tears! We’ve got a great speaker lined up with content that will be vital in your oncology pharmacy career. The sessions will be interactive and questions will be welcomed to help you with your statistical fears. We will run these on a monthly basis and the first one is free to all and then subsequently free to BOPA members. Clinical and demographic characteristics define the target population, the large set of people in the world to which the results of the study will be generalized (e.g. all schizophrenics).

Statistics without Tears: An Introduction for Non-Mathematicians Statistics without Tears: An Introduction for Non-Mathematicians

Essentially, the book covers all the statistics in A Level Maths (and bits of Further Stats), explaining it in an accessible way and actively encourages you to think (so there really is no escape). The hatred of crunching numbers and learning methods without understanding what I was doing has now been rectified. Aside from the mathematical complexities, I was plagued by programming languages that seem to have been designed by dinosaurs (I’m looking at you, “R”) and interaction with material that I thought I would have no relationship with following my graduation. A brief and informative read that helped me review the statistics material I had studied, but I need to qualify that by saying this will not be enough. It's a good starting point, and if you've studied statistics before then it will remind you of the terms and help you conceptually. However, you will need to supplement this with other reading and practice centred around why you want to understand statistics and the tools you want to use.Ascertainment of a particular disease within a particular area may be incomplete either because some patient may seek treatment elsewhere or some patients do not seek treatment at all. Focus group discussions (qualitative study) with local people, especially those residing away from the health center, may give an indication whether serious underreporting is occurring.