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Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volumen 1. Taylor & Francis. p.510. ISBN 978-0-8153-4057-7.
Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War Eyes on target: ‘Stay-behind’ forces during the Cold War
Speculation that the Netherlands was involved in Gladio arose from the accidental discovery of large arms caches in 1980 and 1983. [50] In the latter incident, people walking in a forest near the village of Rozendaal, near Arnhem, chanced upon a large hidden cache of arms, containing dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives. [51] [52] That discovery forced the Dutch government to confirm that the arms were related to NATO planning for unorthodox warfare. [53] Operation Gladio first came to light in Italy in 1990, after over 40 years of clandestine operations. Members of the project revealed that similar projects existed in most if not all countries of Western Europe. [2] These stay-behind networks were, in essence, super secret armies in at least 14 European countries, which were kept secret from the official governmental structures of the host countries – being controlled by other forces such as the CIA and MI6. They remained mostly dormant but were also involved in anti-communist activities including anti-democratic agitation to swing elections and false flag " terrorism" to inflict psychological stress. Philip HJ Davies, "Review of NATO's Secret Armies," The Journal of Strategic Studies, December 2005, 1064–1068. There were at least four mutations within Gladio over the years, and the problem of identifying and understanding these changes not only relates to historical analysis. The ‘contextualisation’ of Gladio’s evolution is relevant to establish its legitimacy, and this must be assessed at each moment of its history, not simply at its origin. Secondly, the commission faced time-related problems. The time allotted to the commission was initially five months, a period which the final report deplored as "very little" and short in comparison to other inquiries. The Senate granted on July 12, 1991, a request for extra time, which enabled the committee to work for another three months. Unfortunately most of the allotted time fell during the parliamentary recess, which further frustrated the effort to fully pursue the intended lines of inquiry. For instance, the commission had planned to interview several investigative journalists, people like Richard Brenneke and had requested several " dossiers chauds" (English: "hot cases"). [ clarification needed] Handled material and major findings [ edit ]Herman, Edward; Brodhead, Frank (May 1986). The Rise and Fall of the Bulgarian Connection. New York: Sheridan Square. p.63. ISBN 978-0-940380-06-6. Models for the secret armies had also been set up in the UK during WW2 by Section D of MI6. Arms caches were buried in anticipation of a German invasion. Initially, this was a purely domestic affair, but in 1940 with the inception of Special Operations Executive (SOE) the same tactics were taken behind enemy lines throughout occupied Europe. Officially SOE was closed down in 1946 and gave way to a successor - Special Operation (SO) - created under the auspices of MI6 to translate the same networks into resistance in countries overrun by the Soviets. Surviving secret units of the Axis powers were targeted and members of the defeated were sometimes recruited for the new anti-Soviet stay-behind networks.
Foreword xi - libcom.org
from chief of SIFAR to chief of the Italian paramilitary police, the Carabinieri. In close cooperation with CIA secret warfare expert Vernon Walters, William It was only then, in June 1959, and in concert with American services that SIFAR (‘R’ Office – SAD section) released their first organic report on the progress made to that point. This was sent to the new Chief of the Defence Staff, General Aldo Rossi. Primarily, the report summarised the goals of the structure: Gladio was created in the eventuality that NATO declared an emergency “caused by internal subversion or military invasion.”
Editorial
Mr. President, the Gladio system has operated for four decades under various names. It has operated clandestinely, and we are entitled to attribute to it all the destabilization, all the provocation and all the terrorism that have occurred in our countries over these four decades, and to say that, actively or passively, it must have had an involvement.' Ephremidis sharply criticised the entire stay-behind network: 'The fact that it was set up by the CIA and NATO which, while purporting to defend democracy were actually undermining it and using it for their own nefarious purposes.' Guillaume, Alain (July 31, 1996). "UN CONCEPT RACISTE POUR LA DEFENSE MILITAIRE DU TERRITOIRE L'ARMEE FAIT -PARTIELLEMENT- AMENDE HONORABLE". Le Soir (in French). Archived from the original on May 18, 2020. German press confirmed that the so-called Secret Armies were co-ordinated in a special secure wing of NATO HQ in Casteau. Access was via a bank vault type door and papers were circulated with the stamp ‘American Eyes Only.’
Operation Gladio: The CIA’s Clandestine Network in Italy Operation Gladio: The CIA’s Clandestine Network in Italy
the printing machines and to generally make the publication of newspapers impossible.' De Lorenzo insisted that the operation had to be carried out with la Repubblica/fatti: Strage di Piazza Fontana spunta un agente Usa". Repubblica.it . Retrieved 28 October 2020. Following the fall of France in 1940, Winston Churchill created the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to both assist resistance movements and carry out sabotage and subversive operations in occupied Europe. It was revealed half a century later that SOE was complemented by a stay-behind organisation in Britain, created in extreme secrecy, to prepare for a possible invasion by Nazi Germany. ready to start the coup. Then, on June 14, 1964, De Lorenzo gave the go-ahead and with his troops entered Rome with tanks, armoured personnel carriers, jeeps and Aside from ‘Gladio/1’, another 111 documents belonging to official Gladio documentation were found. Amongst these we note the minutes of the Gladio Committee meetings , the Italo-American structure created to plan the development of the Italian branch of the stay-behind network.
Nazi Germany: The Bulwark of the West against Communism
Amongst the papers of the 7th Division of SISMI acquired by the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry are two versions of the “Gladio/1” document, which differ only in their title. One version (which is commonly referred to in the field of official Gladio documentation and which appears to have been the same sent to the Committee by the Prime Minister on March 1, 1991) translates the English expression “restatement of agreements” as “re-elaboration of agreements”; in the other version the title was simply (and unfaithfully) translated as “agreement”. A network of resistance fighters was formed across Britain and arms caches were established. The network was recruited, in part, from the 5th (Ski) Battalion of the Scots Guards (which had originally been formed, but was not deployed, to fight alongside Finnish forces fighting the Soviet invasion of Finland). [10] The network, which became known as the Auxiliary Units, was headed by Major Colin Gubbins – an expert in guerrilla warfare (who would later lead SOE). The units were trained, in part, by "Mad Mike" Calvert, a Royal Engineers officer who specialised in demolition by explosives and covert raiding operations. To the extent that they were publicly visible, the Auxiliary Units were disguised as Home Guard units, under GHQ Home Forces. The network was allegedly disbanded in 1944; some of its members subsequently joined the Special Air Service and saw action in North-West Europe. History". Scots Guards Association. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014. According to the former Italian Ministry of Grace and Justice Claudio Martelli, during the 1980s and 1990s Andreotti was the political reference of Licio Gelli and the Masonic lodge Propaganda 2. [25] Giulio Andreotti's revelations on 24 October 1990 [ edit ]
Strategy of tension - Wikipedia Strategy of tension - Wikipedia
This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. ( January 2023) Cogan, Charles (2007). " 'Stay-Behind' in France: Much ado about nothing?". Journal of Strategic Studies. 30 (6): 937–954. doi: 10.1080/01402390701676493. S2CID 154529125. Note interne de la BSR". resistances.be (in French). Archived from the original on Dec 15, 2018. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link)a b The Dark Side of the West, Conference "Nato Secret Armies and P-26," ETH Zurich, 2005. Published 10 February 2005. Retrieved February 7, 2007. François Vitrani, "L'Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineté limitée'?", in Le Monde diplomatique, December 1990. (in French) secret war. Rocca first used his secret Gladio army to bomb the offices of the DCI and the offices of a few daily newspapers and thereafter blamed the terror on the
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