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Political World Wall Map, French Language - 40.75" x 27" Paper

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The official language of France is French, [275] a Romance language derived from Latin. Since 1635, the Académie française has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton, Catalan, Flemish ( Dutch dialect), Alsatian (German dialect), Basque, and Corsican (Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859. [276] The origins of French art were very much influenced by Flemish art and by Italian art at the time of the Renaissance. Jean Fouquet, the most famous medieval French painter, is said to have been the first to travel to Italy and experience the Early Renaissance firsthand. The Renaissance painting School of Fontainebleau was directly inspired by Italian painters such as Primaticcio and Rosso Fiorentino, who both worked in France. Two of the most famous French artists of the time of the Baroque era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, lived in Italy.

Main article: History of France §Revolutionary France (1789–1799) The Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the French Revolution. Facing financial troubles, Louis XVI summoned the Estates-General (gathering the three Estates of the realm) in May 1789 to propose solutions to his government. As it came to an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estate formed a National Assembly, signalling the outbreak of the French Revolution. Fearing that the king would suppress the newly created National Assembly, insurgents stormed the Bastille on 14 July 1789, a date which would become France's National Day. In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of Massalia (present-day Marseille), on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. This makes it France's oldest city. [29] At the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, gradually spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC. [30] The Maison Carrée was a temple of the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes) and is one of the best-preserved vestiges of the Roman Empire. France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumière Brothers) credited with creating cinema in 1895. [353] The world's first female filmmaker, Alice Guy-Blaché, was also from France. [354] Several important cinematic movements, including the late 1950s and 1960s Nouvelle Vague, began in the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the Government of France. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015 [update] producing more films than any other European country. [355] [356] The nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world. [357] [358]

French foreign policy after World War II has been largely shaped by membership in the European Union, of which it was a founding member. Since the 1960s, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the most influential driving force of the EU. [153] In the 1960s, France sought to exclude the British from the European unification process, [154] seeking to build its standing in continental Europe. However, since 1904, France has maintained an " Entente cordiale" with the United Kingdom, and there has been a strengthening of links between the countries, especially militarily. France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the Tour de France. [388] Other popular sports played in France include: football, judo, tennis, [389] rugby union [390] and pétanque. France has hosted events such as the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, [391] the 2007 Rugby World Cup, [392] and will host the 2023 Rugby World Cup. The country also hosted the 1960 European Nations' Cup, UEFA Euro 1984, UEFA Euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Stade de France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race. [393] Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the Paris Masters and the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. French martial arts include Savate and Fencing. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in a 2004 UEFA poll. [394] After the Revolution, the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although it was introduced in France before the revolution with such buildings as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de Toulouse. Built during the first French Empire, the Arc de Triomphe and Sainte Marie-Madeleine represent the best example of Empire-style architecture. [321] Under Napoleon III, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built. The urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous; most notably, Haussmann's renovation of Paris. The architecture associated with this era is named Second Empire in English, the term being taken from the Second French Empire. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century, Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as the Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the Eiffel Tower. The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 arrondissements, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 cantons. [117] These cantons are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. [117] Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.

Main article: Telecommunications in France Le Figaro was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a newspaper of record. [367] Treaty of Verdun". History.howstuffworks.com. 27 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 July 2011.

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution of 1830, which established the constitutional July Monarchy. In that year, French troops began the conquest of Algeria, establishing the first colonial presence in Africa since Napoleon's abortive invasion of Egypt in 1798. In 1848, general unrest led to the February Revolution and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage, which were briefly enacted during the French Revolution, was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, the president of the French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the Second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in Crimea, Mexico and Italy which resulted in the annexation of the Duchy of Savoy and the County of Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence. [66] The first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French colonial empire Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or "realm of the Franks". [20] Modern France is still named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, while Frankreich in German, Frankrijk in Dutch and Frankrike in Swedish and Norwegian all mean "Land/realm of the Franks".

Kiernan, Ben (2007). Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur. Yale University Press. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-300-10098-3. Templeman, Geoffrey (1952). "Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 2: 69–88. doi: 10.2307/3678784. JSTOR 3678784. S2CID 161389883. Claire Sibelle. "Guide des sources de la traite négrière, de l'esclavage et de leurs abolitions: XVIe – XXe siècles". Archives Portal Europe (in French).At the end of the Antiquity period, ancient Gaul was divided into several Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory, known as the Kingdom of Syagrius. Simultaneously, Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, settled in the western part of Armorica. As a result, the Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany, Celtic culture was revived, and independent petty kingdoms arose in the region. With more than 10 million tourists a year, the French Riviera (French: Côte d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the Paris Region. [202] It benefits from 300 days of sunshine per year, 115 kilometres (71mi) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts and 3,000 restaurants. [203] :31 Each year the Côte d'Azur hosts 50% of the world's superyacht fleet. [203] :66 As a significant hub for international relations, France has the third-largest assembly of diplomatic missions, second only to China and the United States, which are far more populous. It also hosts the headquarters of several international organisations, including the OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the OIF. [152] a b Nadeau, Jean-Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2008). The Story of French. St. Martin's Press. pp.34ff. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0.

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