The Earth From the Air

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Reflections Physical and Moral, Upon the Various and Numerous Uncommon Phenomena in the Air, Water, or Earth, Which Have Happened from the Earthquake a Member of Parliament in Town to His 1 A marvelous exhibition. Any images you see on web is no match for the real photos being exhibited. I've seen them in London, but still I can't tell how delighted I am to know that they've come to Birmingham, and immediately send messages to all my friends about the good news, so good it is. No residents of Birmingham should miss it. A real pity they are not going to stay for two years.

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Atmospheric Temperature Trends, 1979–2005: Image of the Day". Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2000-01-01 . Retrieved 2014-06-10. Yann Arthus-Bertrand was born in March 1946. At the age of 30 he moved to Kenya with his wife Anne to study lions in the Maasai Mara Reserve and began to photograph the beauty of the natural world, flying over the landscape in a balloon. a b Haynes, H. M., ed. (2016–2017), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97thed.), CRC Press, p.14-3, ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6 , which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities but includes only ten of its largest constituents. Main article: Mesosphere Afterglow of the troposphere (orange), the stratosphere (blue) and the mesosphere (dark) at which atmospheric entry begins, leaving smoke trails, such as in this case of a spacecraft reentry.By comparison, the summit of Mount Everest is at 8,848m (29,029ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 and 13km (33,000 and 43,000ft) where the lower density and temperature of the air improve fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4km (100,000ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0km (354,300ft). The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, and then plants using some oxygen at night by the process of photorespiration while the remaining oxygen is used to break down organic material. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which reacts with oxygen and hence reduces its amount in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with the rapid development of animals. Earth's atmosphere seen from space. From the bottom, afterglow illuminates the troposphere in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and the stratosphere in white and blue. Next the mesosphere (pink) and the pink line of airglow of the lower thermosphere (dark), which hosts green and red aurorae over several hundred kilometers.

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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Taken from the air, the pictures show a bird's-eye view of the extraordinary patterns and colours created in landscapes all over the world. Some are the result of human activity - farming, industry or habitation. Others are entirely sculpted by nature itself. Fantastic. Each image totally captivating in its own way. As a brummie i would like to see more exhibitions like this rather than travelling to London. Thanks for sharing it with us. Forgotten the title or the author of a book? Our BookSleuth is specially designed for you. Visit BookSleuth

Yann Arthus-Bertrand travelled to Kenya to study the Lions. It was then that he became interested in photography. When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow, there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal before reaching your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset. Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms. [57] Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances. Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K). [26] [27]

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The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity, allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300nm ( ultraviolet-C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimetre to about eleven-metre waves. This daybook presents 365 entirely new, utterly dazzling images from master aerial photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand. The pictures cover every corner of ever continent, from icy arctic floes to tropical forests, from the deserts of north Africa to the vertiginous peaks of Nepal. Arthus-Bertrand’s breathtaking, full-colour photographs are accompanied by informative captions that illuminate what we see, and describe the environmental concerns related to each location. At once inspiring and transcendentally beautiful, The Earth from the Air 365 New Days is a volume to treasure for years on end. Find sources: "Earth from the Air"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2023) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Vázquez, M.; Hanslmeier, A. (2006). "Historical Introduction". Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol.331. Springer Science & Business Media. p.17. Bibcode: 2005ASSL..331.....V. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-3730-9_1. ISBN 978-1-4020-3730-6.Other layers The volume fraction of the main gases in Earth's atmosphere according to height. The boundary between the homosphere (left) and heterosphere (right) is at about 100 km. The outermost layer of the exosphere (off the chart) is dominated by hydrogen. [32]

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Mayor of London, Ken Livingston, opens the Earth from the Air exhibition, talking with Photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand and Exhibition Director Chris Bridge. The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy ( isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago. About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. [52] How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox". The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (though it is so tenuous that some scientists consider it to be part of interplanetary space rather than part of the atmosphere). It extends from the thermopause (also known as the "exobase") at the top of the thermosphere to a poorly defined boundary with the solar wind and interplanetary medium. The altitude of the exobase varies from about 500 kilometres (310mi; 1,600,000ft) to about 1,000 kilometres (620mi) in times of higher incoming solar radiation. [22] The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by mole fraction in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by mole fraction in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor). [11] :8 The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, [12] among which are other greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Besides argon, already mentioned, other noble gases, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon are also present. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.NASA explores the unknown in air and space, innovates for the benefit of humanity, and inspires the world through discovery. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2O. There is a big chance that your city can be viewed, just insert a name of a city or a place and try aerial view! The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations.