The Earth From the Air

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Air Composition". The Engineering ToolBox . Retrieved 2017-07-04. The composition of air is unchanged until elevation of approximately 10.000 m Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6thed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp.941–950. ISBN 9780471457282. OCLC 62532755. Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100km and extend beyond 500km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months, otherwise, orbital decay will occur resulting in a return to Earth. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800km. Exosphere - overview". UCAR. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved April 19, 2015. The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO 2 and H 2O.

The Earth from the Air: Arthus-Bertrand, Yann, Brown, Lester The Earth from the Air: Arthus-Bertrand, Yann, Brown, Lester

By comparison, the summit of Mount Everest is at 8,848m (29,029ft); commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 and 13km (33,000 and 43,000ft) where the lower density and temperature of the air improve fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4km (100,000ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0km (354,300ft).

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IPCC (2021). "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC AR6 WG1. pp.4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-08-11 . Retrieved 2021-11-20. The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11km, where the temperature stabilizes over a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere, starting above about 20km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by the capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90km. The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr; 14.6959 psi; 760.00 mmHg). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×10 18 kg (1.135×10 19 lb), [40] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather.

Earth from the Air – Wecommunic8 Earth from the Air – Wecommunic8

Trenberth, Kevin E.; Smith, Lesley (1970-01-01). "The Mass of the Atmosphere: A Constraint on Global Analyses". Journal of Climate. 18 (6): 864. Bibcode: 2005JCli...18..864T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.6573. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-3299.1. S2CID 16754900. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants using carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen, and then plants using some oxygen at night by the process of photorespiration while the remaining oxygen is used to break down organic material. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which reacts with oxygen and hence reduces its amount in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with the rapid development of animals. Timothy W. Lyons, Christopher T. Reinhard & Noah J. Planavsky (2014). "Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago". Nature. 506 (7488): 307–15. Bibcode: 2014Natur.506..307L. doi: 10.1038/nature13068. PMID 24553238. S2CID 4443958.The free outdoor exhibition is a spectacular presentation of over 120 large-scale aerial photographs of breathtaking views of our planet taken by world-famous photographer Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Main article: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric transmittance (or opacity) to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.

Earth from the Air - Wikipedia

Above this altitude lies the heterosphere, which includes the exosphere and most of the thermosphere. Here, the chemical composition varies with altitude. This is because the distance that particles can move without colliding with one another is large compared with the size of motions that cause mixing. This allows the gases to stratify by molecular weight, with the heavier ones, such as oxygen and nitrogen, present only near the bottom of the heterosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element. [32] a b Anne Marie Helmenstine, PhD (June 16, 2018). "The 4 Most Abundant Gases in Earth's Atmosphere". a b Zahnle, K.; Schaefer, L.; Fegley, B. (2010). "Earth's Earliest Atmospheres". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (10): a004895. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004895. PMC 2944365. PMID 20573713.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Yann Arthus-Bertrand was born in March 1946. At the age of 30 he moved to Kenya with his wife Anne to study lions in the Maasai Mara Reserve and began to photograph the beauty of the natural world, flying over the landscape in a balloon. The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60°C (−76°F; 210K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0°C. [28] The relative concentration of gases remains constant until about 10,000m (33,000ft). [17] Stratification Earth's atmosphere. Lower four layers of the atmosphere in three dimensions as seen diagonally from above the exobase. Layers drawn to scale, objects within the layers are not to scale. Aurorae shown here at the bottom of the thermosphere can actually form at any altitude in this atmospheric layer.

The Earth from the Air - Yann Arthus-Bertrand - Google Books

homosphere – AMS Glossary". Amsglossary.allenpress.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010-10-16. Joe Buchdahl. "Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme". Ace.mmu.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-07-01 . Retrieved 2012-04-18. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (1993). "stratopause". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19 . Retrieved 2013-10-18. a b c "Exosphere - overview". UCAR. 2011. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017 . Retrieved April 19, 2015.About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago. [52] How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox". That leaves approximately 1%, which is made up of atoms of unreactive argon, and molecules of carbon dioxide.