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Ebrei, una storia italiana. I primi mille anni

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Altre regole, poi, contribuirono a rafforzare il messaggio che gli Ebrei in Germania erano da considerare degli estranei: per esempio, nel dicembre del 1935, il Ministro delle Propaganda del Reich emanò un decreto che proibiva ai soldati ebrei di essere nominati tra i caduti nei monumenti commemorativi della Prima Guerra Mondiale. “L’Arianizzazione” Emigration from Yemen to the area now known as Israel began in 1881, and continued almost without interruption until 1914. It was during this time that about 10% of the Yemenite Jews left. Due to the changes in the Ottoman Empire, citizens could move more freely, and in 1869, travel was improved with the opening of the Suez Canal, which reduced the travel time from Yemen to Palestine. Certain Yemenite Jews interpreted these changes and the new developments in the "Holy Land" as heavenly signs that the time of redemption was near. By settling in the Holy Land, they would play a part in what they believed could precipitate the anticipated messianic era. Kjeilen, Tore. "Israel / Peoples - LookLex Encyclopaedia". Archived from the original on 2018-10-04 . Retrieved 2010-02-28. History [ edit ] Ancient history [ edit ] Ring-stone of Yishak bar Hanina with a Torah shrine, 330 BCE – 200 CE, found in Dhofar

The medieval pre-expulsion Jews of Southern Italy (the Jews of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily) are often subsumed under the designation of "Italian Jews", and from a geographical point of view this is correct. In truth, however, Southern Italy, divided into the provinces of Sicily and the Catepanate of Italy, belonged to the Byzantine Empire till 1071. Accordingly, the medieval Jewish communities of Southern Italy were linguistically a part of the Yevanic area [4] and as concerns customs and liturgy a part of the Romaniote area. [5] Even after the Byzantine Empire had lost the Southern Italian provinces, the Kehillot in Apulia, Calabria and Sicily maintained connections to their coreligionists in Greece and Constantinople. [6] [7] Nevertheless, Jews in rural areas of Emirate of Sicily and Apulia are known to have made some use of Judeo-Arabic and Judeo-Italian languages in addition to Greek. [8] [9] Ashkenazi Jews in Italy [ edit ] The Jews of Italy". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019 . Retrieved 25 June 2018. Yemenite Hebrew has been studied by scholars, many of whom believe it to contain the most ancient phonetic and grammatical features. [203] There are two main pronunciations of Yemenite Hebrew, considered by many scholars to be the most accurate modern-day form of Biblical Hebrew, although there are technically a total of five that relate to the regions of Yemen. In the Yemenite dialect, all Hebrew letters have a distinct sound, except for sāmeḵ ( Hebrew: ס) and śîn ( Hebrew: שׂ), which are both pronounced /s/. [204] The Sanaani Hebrew pronunciation (used by the majority) has been indirectly critiqued by Saadia Gaon since it contains the Hebrew letters jimmel and guf, which he rules is incorrect. There are Yemenite scholars, such as Rabbi Ratzon Arusi, who say that such a perspective is a misunderstanding of Saadia Gaon's words.Another distinctive community was that of Asti, Fossano and Moncalvo, which was descended from Jews expelled from France in 1394: this community includes the well-known Lattes family. Only the Asti synagogue is still in use today. Their rite, known as Appam (from the Hebrew initials for those three cities), is similar to the Ashkenazi, but has some peculiarities drawn from the old French rite, particularly on the High Holy Days. These variations are found on loose-leaf sheets which the community uses in conjunction with the normal Ashkenazi prayer-book; they are also printed by Goldschmidt. [10] This rite is the only surviving descendant of the original French rite, as known to Rashi, used anywhere in the world: French Ashkenazim since 1394 have used the German-Ashkenazic rite.

Another legend says that Yemeni tribes converted to Judaism after the Queen of Sheba's visit to King Solomon. [39] The Sanaite Jews have a tradition that their ancestors settled in Yemen forty-two years before the destruction of the First Temple. [40] It is said that under the prophet Jeremiah some 75,000 Jews, including priests and Levites, traveled to Yemen. [41] Ebreo chi? Sociologia degli ebrei italiani ( Jewish who? A sociology of the Italian Jews today) Ugo G. Pacifici Noja and Giorgio Pacifici eds., with contributions of Umberto Abenaim, Massimiliano Boni, Angelica Edna Calo Livne, Enzo Campelli, Renata Conforty Orvieto, Sergio Della Pergola, Roberto Della Rocca, Anna Foa, Silvia \Maiocchi, Natan Orvieto, Rossana Ottolenghi, Giorgio Pacifici, Ugo G. Pacifici Noja, Vittorio Pavoncello, Gian Stefano Spoto, Claudio Vercelli, with a foreword of Furio Colombo, Jaca Book, Milan, 2017 ISBN 978-88-16-41419-8 Dopo la liberazione, molti tra i sopravvissuti ebrei erano molto spaventati all'idea di ritornare alle proprie case, sia a causa dell'antisemitismo (cioè l'odio contro gli Ebrei) che ancora imperava in molte parti d'Europa, sia per i traumi subiti in quegli anni. Alcuni di quelli che decisero di tornare a casa si trovarono, infatti, a temere per la propria vita. Nella Polonia del dopoguerra, per esempio, avvennero alcuni pogrom (violente manifestazioni contro gli Ebrei), il più grande dei quali ebbe luogo a Kielce, nel 1946, quando i manifestanti polacchi uccisero almeno 42 Ebrei e ne picchiarono molti altri. Atzmon, Gil; Hao, Li; Pe'Er, Itsik; Velez, Christopher; Pearlman, Alexander; Palamara, Pier Francesco; Morrow, Bernice; Friedman, Eitan; Oddoux, Carole; Burns, Edward & Ostrer, Harry (2010). "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850–59. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072. PMID 20560205.

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On March 21, 2016, a group of 19 Yemenite Jews were flown to Israel in a secret operation, leaving the population at about 50. [125] [126] On 7 June 2016, Jews who had been arrested in Yemen after having helped to smuggle out a Torah scroll were released. [127] Some Jewish families have preserved traditions which are related to their tribal affiliations, based on partial genealogical records which have been passed down from generation to generation. In Yemen, for example, some Jews trace their lineage to Judah, others trace their lineage to Benjamin, and others trace their lineage to Levi and Reuben. Of particular interest is one distinguished Jewish family of Yemen which traced its lineage to Bani, one of the sons of Peretz, the son of Judah. [219] Interaction with Israeli culture [ edit ] In May 2017 the Yemeni-based charity Mona Relief (Yemen Organization for Humanitarian Relief and Development) gave aid to 86 members of the Jewish community in Sana'a. [128] Woven palm-frond and rush baskets, made in Yemen The Jews of San Nicandro who are converts, descendants of the neofiti ( anusim) of San Nicandro Garganico; In musical tradition and in pronunciation, Italian Ashkenazim differ considerably from the Ashkenazim of other countries, and show some assimilation to the other two communities. Exceptional are the north-eastern communities such as that of Gorizia, which date from Austro-Hungarian times and are much closer to the German and Austrian traditions.

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