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Vitamin D 4,000 IU Tablets, Maximum Strength Vitamin D3 Supplement, 365 Easy to Swallow Tablets - Full Year Supply

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Dinour, D., Davidovits, M., Aviner, S., Ganon, L., Michael, L., Modan-Moses, D., Vered, I., Bibi, H., Frishberg, Y. and Holtzman, E.J. (2015). Maternal and infantile hypercalcemia caused by vitamin-D-hydroxylase mutations and vitamin D intake. Pediatric Nephrology, 30(1), pp.145-152. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2018). Update of the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Infant s. EFSA Journal 16(8): 5365 Update of the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D for infants (wiley.com) Reduced sun exposure in some groups of the population e.g. older people, those who cover their skin, certain occupations, medical reasons and those with darker skin tones (as greater skin melanin content can reduce the skin's production of vitamin D). Since vitamin D can be synthesised endogenously (in the skin), is metabolised to the active form by the liver and kidney, and can regulate the transcription of vitamin D responsive genes and in turn blood calcium concentration (Morris, 2005), it is often referred to in the literature as a hormone, rather than a vitamin. Vitamin D function and status Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, so it's best to have your supplement with food for optimum absorption.

High oral doses of vitamin D supplements have been shown to have toxic effects, such as hypercalcaemia, dehydration and tissue calcification (Vieth, 2006). After a 1951 survey for the UK Ministry of Health showed that some children were receiving up to 35,000 IU per day (875 µg/day) due to supplementation and fortification of foods, vitamin D levels in cod-liver compounds and dried milk were halved in 1957. Following this there was a marked decrease in the number of infantile hypercalcaemia cases in the early 1960s (EVM, 2002). Exposure estimates of vitamin D3 from egg yolk using chronic consumption data from Table A3 of Annex A and estimated vitamin D3 levels of 126 µg/kg (5,040 IU) (SACN, 2016) are presented in Table A6 of Annex A. Oily fish The Danish Health Authorities identified 18/150 children (under the age of 2) who had consumed this vitamin D supplement, and had severe hypercalcemia with ionized calcium levels of >1.49 mmol/L. As for 25(OH)D levels, these were >150 nmol/L in 87/150 children that had consumed the supplement (Tetens et al., 2018).Women attempting conception, pregnant and lactating women who do not take supplements containing vitamin D, and whose only dietary exposure to vitamin D is from food sources (excluding supplements), are very unlikely to be at risk of adverse health effects from excess vitamin D, such as hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, as exposure estimates for women in this category are below the TUL of 100 µg/day.

Many national governments now recommend vitamin D supplementation for the entire population, due to the many benefits of this key nutrient. The UK Department of Health recommends that everyone (including pregnant and breastfeeding women) should consider taking a daily supplement containing vitamin D especially during the autumn and winter. (Source: www.nhs.uk). Dietary vitamin D supplements contain either vitamin D2 or D3, which are synthesised commercially by UVB irradiation of 7-DHC (from sheep wool) and ergosterol (from fungi), respectively (Bikle, 2009). Vitamin D supplements can also be administered by intramuscular injection. Moslemi, L., Moghadamnia, A.A., Aghamaleki, M.A., Pornasrollah, M., Ashrafianamiri, H., Nooreddini, H.G., Kazemi, S., Pouramir, M. and Bijani, A. (2018). Stoss therapy using fortified biscuit for vitamin D-deficient children: a novel treatment. Pediatric research, 84(5), pp.662-667.Read on for advice on how much to take and when, who's more at risk of deficiency and the cheapest places to buy vitamin D tablets, sprays and gummies. Both are absorbed in the small intestine, although some studies have shown vitamin D3 supplements are better at raising vitamin D levels compared with D2 supplements. Vitamin D is important for the health of your bones, muscles and teeth. This is because it helps you absorb calcium and phosphorous from food.

Mean and 97.5th percentile values of all vitamin D containing supplements are presented in Table 1. It is important to note that the calculated mean and 97.5th percentile values are based on the samples of vitamin D containing supplements and recommended doses and not on the consumption pattern. The mean and 97.5th percentile values are also based on a limited number of vitamin D containing supplements (presented in Table 1) and not all those that are currently available in the UK. Therefore, the values reported are likely to be underestimates and a significant portion of the population may be exposed to higher doses if they consume multiple supplements containing vitamin D. People who cover their skin – people who cover up when outside are unable to make enough vitamin D as their skin isn't exposed to sunlight.Although there is very limited evidence for adverse effects relating to high vitamin D consumption during lactation, Roth et al., (2018) reported that there was a high rate of “possible hypercalciuria” among the women in Bangladesh receiving the highest dose of 700 µg/week (28,000 IU/week) in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. “Possible hypercalciuria” was defined as a single urinary calcium: creatinine ratio of >1, with both calcium and creatinine measured in millimoles (>0.35, with both measured in milligrams). Participants in this category had mean 25(OH)D serum levels of 26.6 nmol/L, which is lower than those considered deficient by study researchers but, as noted above, is not considered deficient by SACN (2016). Health based guidance values Excessive vitamin D intake during pregnancy can also result in risk of fetal hypercalcemia (Larquè et al., 2018), and hypercalcemia during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk of fetal and neonatal morbidity (Sato, 2008); the assertion in Sato, 2008 appears to be based on case reports, but limited details are provided . Additionally, neonatal hypercalcemia has been evident in neonates born to mothers with an excess maternal vitamin D intake. In a case reported by Reynolds et al. (2017), a female baby was diagnosed with hypercalcemia with a 25(OH)D level of 73 nmol/L, which was at the upper end of the reference range (50-75 nmol/L). The baby also had a total serum calcium level of 3.09 mmol/L, which was outside the reference range of 1.9-2.6 mmol/L. While the mother, after taking two supplements resulting in a total daily vitamin D3 intake of 4000 IU, was reported to have elevated 25(OH)D levels of 127 nmol/L, which was slightly outside the reference range (> 125 nmol/L). The mother also had a total serum calcium level of 2.38 mmol/L which was within the reference range of 2.1-2.66 nmol/L . In a retrospective study of case reports over a 5-year period, 38 patients aged 0.3-4 years presented with vitamin D intoxication (vomiting, loss of appetite and constipation) and hypercalcemia (mean calcium levels were 3.75 ± 0.5 mmol/L) after consumption of either a prescribed vitamin D3 vial for stoss therapy, non-prescr ibed vitamin D3 vials or incorrectly produced fish oil. The vials contained 7,500 µg (300,000 IU) of vitamin D3; the 9 patients using these vials without prescription were exposed to 15,000-45,000 µg (600,000-2,400,00 IU) of vitamin D. In the 23 patients prescribed these vials for stoss therapy, their exposure was between 15,000-60,000 µg (600,000-I,800,000 IU) of vitamin D. It is unclear how soon after receiving stoss therapy vitamin D intoxication occurred. The patients who had consumed improperly produced fish oil supplements containing 400,000 µg (16,000,000 IU) of vitamin D3 per bottle, were exposed to 25,000-50,000 µg (1,000,000 – 2,000,000 IU). The duration of consumption of the fish oil supplements is unclear. The researchers determined that the minimum dose of vitamin D received causing vitamin D intoxication was 15,000 µg (600,000 IU) and at the time of admission serum 25(OH)D levels were 990 ± 275 nmol/L (396 ± 110 ng/mL) (Çağlar and Çağlar, 2021) .

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