Flags of the Napoleonic Wars (2): Colours, Standards and Guidons of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia: v. 2 (Men-at-Arms)

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Bandiera coi colori Nazionali – Richiesto quali siano i colori Nazionali per formarne una Bandiera, si è risposto il Verde il Bianco ed il Rosso [...] At the formal celebration of the birth in the new republic, which took place on 9 July in the Milanese capital, 300,000 people participated (only 25,000 according to other sources [63]), including ordinary citizens, French soldiers and representatives of the major municipalities of the republic. [9] According to Francesco Melzi d'Eril, a participant of the event, there were about 1,000 Milanese citizens who spontaneously participated in the celebration, while the remaining part was made up of soldiers. [63] urn:lcp:flagsofnapoleoni0000wise:lcpdf:b6d76dab-0f00-48ff-8b09-43fcce52cb6f Foldoutcount 0 Identifier flagsofnapoleoni0000wise Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s2rxvsgmgd2 Invoice 1652 Isbn 085045171X Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2023-05-06 22:15:13 Autocrop_version 0.0.14_books-20220331-0.2 Boxid IA40928508 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collection_set printdisabled External-identifier

As a symbolic recognition of the Montechiarugolo clash, and for the event related to the tree of liberty, Napoleon suggested to the deputies of the Cispadan cities (Reggio, Modena, Bologna and Ferrara) to gather for their first congress assembly on 27 December 1796 in Reggio Emilia. [45] The congresses of the Cispadane Republic and the adoption of the tricolour [ edit ] Giuseppe Compagnoni, the "father of the Italian flag" In 1796 Paul I issued new pattern flags to the three Foot Guard regiments. These new flags were of the same size as those of the line and were issued at the same rate. i.e. one white flag per regiment and one coloured flag per company. These flags were used for only a short time and were replaced in 1800. Colton, Joel; Palmer, R.R. (1992). A History of the Modern World. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-040826-2. The flag of the Cispadane Republic was in horizontal bands with the top red, the white in the centre and the green at the bottom. In the centre was also the emblem of the republic, while on the sides the letters "R" and "C" were shown, the initials of the two words that form the name of the " Repubblica Cispadana". [27] The coat of arms of the Cispadane Republic contained a quiver with four arrows that symbolized the four cities of the Cispadan congress. [45] NCO’s have gold laceon the front/lower edges of the cuffs, the front/upper edges of the collar and the top of the shako.The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, [b] then the French Empire ( French: Empire Français; Latin: Imperium Francicum) after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815. [7] The first territory to be conquered by Napoleon was Piedmont; in the historical archive of the Piedmontese municipality of Cherasco there is a document that proves, on 13 May 1796, on the occasion of the homonymous armistice between Napoleon and the Austrian- Piedmontese troops, with which Victor Emmanuel I of Piedmont-Sardinia ceded Nice and Savoy to France to end the war, [11] the first mention of the Italian flag, which refers to municipal banners hoisted on three towers in the historic centre. [12] With the invasion of Napoleon's troops, the Duke of Modena and Reggio Francesco III d'Este fled and the Reggian Republic was proclaimed (26 August 1796). [37] At the same time the Civic Guard of the city of Reggio was constituted and this military formation, aided by a small group of French grenadiers, defeated a squad of 150 Austrian soldiers at Montechiarugolo on 4 October 1796. [37] The victory was important — both from a political and symbolic point of view — that Napoleon made an official commendation to the Reggio soldiers who were the protagonists of the battle. [38] For the armed clash of Montechiarugolo, Napoleon defined the city of Reggio Emilia as: [39]

A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and Poland, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. [5] Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland. [11] France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the Bourbon Restoration. The radical change in the arrangement of the colours was probably proposed by the Vice President of the Republic Francesco Melzi d'Eril, who perhaps wanted to communicate, even from a symbolic point of view, the end of a phase of the history of Italy. [52] The decree of adoption of the historic Napoleonic flag, which is dated 20 August 1802, reads: [82] Decree of adoption of the flag of the Napoleonic Italian Republic Flag of the Kingdom of Italy (1805–1814) In subsequent meetings, which always took place in the "hall of the congress centumvirate" of Reggio, many decisions were decreed and formalized, including the choice of the emblem of the newly formed republic. [51] To put forward the proposal for the adoption of a green, white and red national flag was Giuseppe Compagnoni, who for this reason is remembered as the "father of the Italian flag", in the XIV session of the cispadane congress [52] of 7 January 1797. [51] [27] [53] The adoption decree states: [52] [54] [55] After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King Louis XVIII sent Marshal Michel Ney to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting " Vive l'Empereur!" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the " Hundred Days." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to Saint Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the Bourbon monarchy was restored, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the Congress of Vienna.

USING THE PRINTED FLAGS

The congress's decision to adopt a green, white and red tricolour flag was then also greeted by a jubilant atmosphere, enthusiasm of the delegates, and by bursts of applause. [23] For the first time, the city of ducal states for centuries enemies, they identify themselves as one people and a common identity symbol: the tricolour flag. [24] si è elevato uno stendardo, formato con tre tele di diverso colore, cioè Rosso, Bianco, Verde Bleu. [...]