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The first paddy fields in Japan date to the Early Yayoi period (300 BC – 250 AD). [28] The Early Yayoi has been re-dated, [29] and it appears that wet-field agriculture developed here after the Korean peninsula. Gluten-Free: Rice is naturally gluten-free, making it suitable for individuals with gluten intolerance or celiac disease. It allows people with dietary restrictions to enjoy a wide range of dishes without compromising their health. Iofrida N, Stillitano A, Falcone G, GuliSano G (2020) The socio-economic impacts of organic and conventional olive growing in Italy. https://doi.org/10.30682/nm2001h Gross, B. L.; Zhao, Z. (2014). "Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (17): 6190–7. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.6190G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1308942110. PMC 4035933. PMID 24753573.
The major rice exporting nations include India, Vietnam, and Thailand. India had the highest export volume of rice worldwide, at 18.75 million metric tons as of 2021/2022. Vietnam was the second largest rice exporter, with about 6.5 million metric tons of rice worldwide in that year. The largest rice importers were the Philippines and China. The retail price of white rice has increased in recent years. The average price per pound of long grain white rice 92 cents in the U.S. in 2022, almost double the price in 2004. Ta ( 田) is used as a part of many place names as well as in many family names. Most of these places are somehow related to the paddy field and, in many cases, are based on the history of a particular location. For example, where a river runs through a village, the place east of the river may be called Higashida ( 東田), literally "east paddy field." A place with a newly irrigated paddy field, especially those made during or after the Edo period, may be called Nitta or Shinden (both 新田), "new paddy field." In some places, lakes and marshes were likened to a paddy field and were named with ta, like Hakkōda ( 八甲田).India has the largest paddy output in the world and is also the largest exporter of rice in the world as of 2020. In India, West Bengal is the largest rice producing state. [36] Paddy fields are a common sight throughout India, both in the northern Gangetic Plains and the southern peninsular plateaus. Paddy is cultivated at least twice a year in most parts of India, the two seasons being known as Rabi and Kharif respectively. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, while the latter depends on the Monsoon. The paddy cultivation plays a major role in socio-cultural life of rural India. Many regional festivals celebrate the harvest, such as Onam, Bihu, Thai Pongal, Makar Sankranti, and Nabanna. The Kaveri delta region of Thanjavur is historically known as the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu, and Kuttanadu is called the rice bowl of Kerala. Gangavathi is known as the rice bowl of Karnataka.
Assessing weighing factor for different indicators: The weighting factor for social subcategories was evaluated as the average importance social for each indicator to summarize it to value one. This number shows the weighted factor for different social indicator. Mohajan HK (2017) Two criteria for good measurements in research: validity and reliability. Ann Spiru Haret Univ Econ Ser 17:59–82. https://doi.org/10.26458/1746 Nabavi-Pelesaraei A, Rafiee S, Mohtasebi SS et al (2019) Comprehensive model of energy, environmental impacts and economic in rice milling factories by coupling adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and life cycle assessment. J Clean Prod 217:742–756 Although China's agricultural output is the largest in the world, only about 15% of its total land area can be cultivated. About 75% of the cultivated area is used for food crops. Rice is China's most important crop, raised on about 25% of the cultivated area. Most rice is grown south of the Huai River, in the Yangtze valley, the Zhu Jiang delta, and in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces.
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For those who know, rice is not difficult to sell and it gives money instantly if you have it,” he said. By the late Neolithic (3500 to 2500 BC), population in the rice cultivating centers had increased rapidly, centered around the Qujialing- Shijiahe and Liangzhu cultures. There was also evidence of intensive rice cultivation in paddy fields as well as increasingly sophisticated material cultures in these two regions. The number of settlements among the Yangtze cultures and their sizes increased, leading some archeologists to characterize them as true states, with clearly advanced socio-political structures. However, it is unknown if they had centralized control. [18] [19] Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87–95, 2003.
Currently, sustainability is becoming an essential aim in the world (Chang et al. 2016). Sustainability has three pillars including economic, environmental, and social aspects. Enhancement of social condition can increase human well-being (UNEP 2009). Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) is a technique for evaluating social performances of products throughout their life cycle (UNEP 2009). Osorio-Tejada JL, Llera-Sastresa E, Scarpellini S, Hashim AH (2020) An integrated social life cycle assessment of freight transport systems. Int J Life Cycle Assess 25:1088–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01692-w Major, John S.; Cook, Constance A. (2016). Ancient China: A History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317503668.No doubt, rice paddy is scarce these days in the markets, and this is because the wet season production wasn’t all that impressive due to the flood. However, the issue of paddy scarcity will soon be over as the dry season harvest will start arriving in the next four weeks,” he stated. Rice cultivation did not show a good performance for farmers in Iran with regard to satisfactory from income (0.14%), health and safety (2%), and marketing (2.4%). Haryati Z, Subramaniam V, Noor ZZ et al (2022) Social life cycle assessment of crude palm oil production in Malaysia. Sustain Prod Consum 29:90–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.10.002 The majority of rice is related to irrigation (1,054,381 ha). The choice of methods conditioning performance is determined by the variety and quality control of water. In Madagascar, the average annual consumption of rice is 130kg per person, one of the largest in the world.
Paddy rice is not a different kind of rice but rather a stage in the lifecycle of rice. The term “paddy” is used to refer to the rice plant, Oryza sativa, in its primary growth stage, specifically when it is still in the husk on the field. Once harvested and threshed, removing the outer husk, it becomes what we commonly refer to as rice. Why is Paddy Called Rice?
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 5 May 2015. Among the many varieties, rice of Madagascar includes: "Vary lava"- a translucent long and large grain rice; it is a luxury rice. "Vary Makalioka"- a translucent long and thin grain rice. "Vary Rojofotsy"- a half-long grain rice. "Vary mena" or red rice; exclusive to Madagascar.
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