Musket & Tomahawk: A Military History of the French & Indian War, 1753-1760 (Regiments & Campaigns)

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In terms of military command and of the ability to marshal forces, the far less populous New France had the advantage. It was, since the 1660s, administered by the royal French government and therefore generally organized, with various allowances for place and distance, like a French province. The capital was Quebec City, the port of entry to Canada, and the place of residence of the governor-general, who was both the highest official in New France and the governor of Canada, the most important part of the domain, going from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the western prairies. On the east coast, Acadia and southern Newfoundland had been lost to Britain by the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, but France had built the sizable fortress city of Louisbourg on Isle Royale, as Cape Breton Island was then called, and this area was set up as a separate colony with its own governor. Louisiana had been settled from the early 18th century on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico 6 Fort Duquesne – the objective of General Forbes’ army in 1758. Model at the Fort Pitt Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Author’s photo) Origins Skirmish in Hampshire County, West Virginia, Spring 1756. In the early part of the war, the French, Canadians, and their allied Indians prevailed on the frontier. However, the Colonial Americans did have the occasional success against these raiders. In the spring of 1756, Virginia Militia Captain Jeremiah Smith of Albemarle County arrived in Hampshire County, Virginia, then on the western edge of settlement and today part of West Virginia. He was just in time: “...a party of about 50 Indians, with a French captain at their head, crossed the Allegheny Mountains... Capt. Smith raised a party of twenty brave men, marched to meet this...foe, and fell in with them at the head of the Capon River, when a fierce and bloody battle was fought. Smith killed the captain with his own hand; five other Indians have fallen...they gave way and fled.” Episodes such as this were repeated scores of times in the frontier counties Ligonier, John 65 Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of 18–19, 18, 20, 21, 23 Louisbourg 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 22 see also Isle Royale Louisbourg, battle of (1758) 4, 35 Louisiana 5, 6–7, 8, 11, 46, 72, 76

There are three universal scenarios in the main rulebook that can be used for any time period, all of them are classic, basic games that we’re all used to, Seizing objectives, steal the loot and exit the board. The Plan Regimental color of the 60th (Royal American) Regiment, c.1757–60. (Reconstitution. Fort Pitt Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) Halkett, Col Francis 25, 40 Hampshire County skirmishes 17 Hay, CaptLt David 34 Indian nations relations with British colonies 18, 19–20, 31, 34–35, 68–69 relations with French colonies 7–8, 10, 19-20, 21, 60–61 Indian warriors 9, 10, 12, 17, 72–73 Iroquois nation 10, 20, 35, 72 Isle Royale 5, 6, 7, 8 see also Louisbourg Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 edition. In any event, he later wrote to William Pitt that he had applied “the Generall principles upon which I have proceeded” from Turpin “regarding precautions by having posts along my route…” (CO 5/50). From late April, but especially during May, contingents gradually moved westward towards Raystown, 217 miles (349 km) from Philadelphia, where all units would regroup. Also heading there were up to 360 supply wagons as well the artillery. Forbes instructed Bouquet to go ahead to Raystown while he remained at Philadelphia with St. Clair to sort out various supply problems, then headed out in late June. Meanwhile, as he moved west, Bouquet found the existing road increasingly difficult and finally found it easier to built an entirely new one west of Fort Loudoun, and reached Fort Lyttleton (also spelled Littleton), which had been built by Pennsylvania

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Aubry’s Raid on Fort Ligonier John Ligonier, First Earl Ligonier, 1760. Lord Ligonier was commanderin-chief of the British army from 1757 to 1759, thus at the time of Forbes’ advance in 1758, and Fort Ligonier was named in his honor. He became Master-General of the Ordnance from 1759 to 1762. (Portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds. Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania)

Vaudreuil, Governor-General 53, 56, 59, 71, 72 Virginia 11, 13, 14, 15, 17 Ward, Capt Edward 39 warfare (Anglo-American forces) 13, 37–38, 70 warfare (French/New France forces) 7, 8, 10, 15, 46–47, 70, 72–73 Washington, Col George 13, 16, 75 conflict with Forbes 40, 42 Jumonville Glen 11–12 Lt. Corbière’s patrol 69 Virginia Provincials 29, 30, 31 weapons 7, 27–28, 30, 31, 34 A view of Fort Bedford’s northwest side, summer of 1758. As can be seen in this painting by Nat Youngblood, there is a lot of activity outside of the fort. (Fort Pitt Museum, Pittsburg. Author’s photo) Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 Americans surveying land beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains toward the Ohio Valley in the late 1740s. Indians look on, wondering what is going on and sometimes reporting these activities to the French. Print after JOB in the 1914 Washington: Man ofMuskets & Tomahawks is a set of rules for recreating skirmishes during the major wars of the 18th and 19th centuries. Fort Ligonier, 1762. This rare view of the fort was made by Lt. Archibald Blane of the 60th (Royal Americans) Regiment on June 30, 1762. It shows the east wall’s gate and its horizontally laid logs, the location of the flagpole, and the tops of the buildings within. The pointed logs at the top of the walls in place in 1758 were apparently removed by the time this rendering was made. (Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Ammunition wagon, mid18th century. This type of wagon was drawn by four horses and had a capacity to carry up to 1,200 pounds. “Ammunition” at the time could include various types of military stores, tools and rations. (Reproduction. Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania. Author’s photo) In spite of the outstanding success in repulsing Grant’s raiding force, there now could be no doubt in the minds of Lignery, his officers, and his men, that the powerful Anglo-American army was nevertheless irrevocably advancing towards Fort Duquesne thanks to its road-building and the methodical progress it could afford to take. With what must have seemed to the French like a nearly limitless amount of men, supplies and money, the Anglo-American army could afford to build strong positions along the way, the latest being Fort Ligonier. It was clear that Fort Duquesne would have to be abandoned sooner or later. Although allied Indians had greatly profited from Grant’s fiasco, they now had increasing misgivings about the capacity of the “Great White Father” to prevail in this conflict and many

Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 Lieutenant-General Sir James Abercromby, c.1755. He was commander-in-chief in North America during 1758. (Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier Museum, Ligonier, Pennsylvania) Strategic map of the conquest of Canada, 1758–60; Lord Loudoun’s grand strategic plan was carried out over three years. In 1758 two of the year’s three objectives fell: Fortress Louisbourg in July and Fort Duquesne in November. They were repulsed at Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga), but took it the following year along with Quebec and Niagara. In 1760 three armies marched on the ultimate objective, Montreal, where the French army capitulated on September 8. (Collection and photo: Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of National Defence, Ottawa) A comprehensive history of the brutal wilderness war that secured America’s independence in 1777—by an author with “a flair for vivid detail” ( Library Journal). Speaking of missions my absolute favourite thing about Muskets and Tomahawks (and if you’ve read my comments on OTT I do mention this a lot) are the Side Plots. Every game should have side plots, 40K, AoS, Flames of War, Bolt Action, Monopoly all of them need some good side plots.

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J.C.B. 46, 47, 57, 59 Johnson, Richard 69, 71 Johnson, Sir William 20, 35 Jumonville, Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de 12 Jumonville Glen, battle of (1754) 8, 11–12, 31 La Salle, Robert Cavelier de 10 Le Moyne d’Iberville, Pierre 10 League of Six Nations 19–20 Lévis, Gen Gaston de 58, 61, 64, 68 Lewis, Maj Andrew 52, 53, 57, 59 Lignery, François-Marie Marchand de 46, 47, 48, 53, 56, 58–59, 60, 71–72, 75–76

Britain’s three-pronged thrust was meant to separate New England from the rest of the young nation. Yet, despite its superior resources, Britain’s campaign was a disaster. Gen. John Burgoyne emerged from a woodline with six thousand soldiers to surrender to the Patriots at Saratoga in October 1777. Montour, the “Enemy’s strength both as to Indians, French and Canadians and the present situation of their fort be infinitely stronger than any thing I ever could have imagined… [Croghan and Montour] sending me positive accounts that their numbers exceed greatly 4000, in and about the Fort…” By October 8, Croghan was still insisting that there were about 4,000 enemies, but Forbes now informed Abercromby that “This I cannot believe” and now thought that “their whole force are not more than 1200 men which is in their fort…” A week later, on October 15, Forbes wrote to Bouquet informing him that the Ohio Indians had told the participants at the meeting going on in Easton at the time that “the French will have in those parts near four thousand men French, Canadians, & Indians. That they have provisions in plenty as yet; That the Canadians are not at all in the Fort but that they as well as the western Indians were scattered about in the Indian villages where they help the inhabitants to build huts & houses and were ready at a Call” (Forbes: pp. 217, 227, 230). Thus plagued with obviously dubious information, General Forbes was rightly suspicious about American intelligence services. On the French side, everyone knew in Fort Duquesne that major reinforcements amounting to thousands of troops would not be coming to the Ohio Valley to face a large Anglo-American army. The defense resources of New France were already stretched to the limit and its few thousands of regular soldiers could be concentrated on only one front. In the summer of Initial Strategy Brigadier-General John Forbes, c.1750. He is shown wearing the uniform of 2nd (Scots Greys) North British Dragoons. (Collection and photo: Fort Ligonier, Pennsylvania)Tomahawk and Musket – French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 road was dubious to say the least in America’s wilderness. The general therefore cut down the ordnance accompanying the army to: • • • • • • • DEDICATION In memory of William L. Brown III of Maryland. Superlative curator, historian, documentary film director and friend.