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Psychopathia Sexualis

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The modern understanding and experience of sexuality emerged not just from medical thinking in itself. To believe that a transformation of such magnitude was caused merely by psychiatrists would be overrating their power. They did not so much construct as articulate the modern experience of sexuality. Whereas psychiatry provided a new conceptual framework and new role models, longer-term social and cultural developments had substantially transformed the experience of sexuality in society. As I have indicated, several of Krafft-Ebing’s and Moll’s patients, correspondents and informants did not just play a passive role. To a large extent, the psychological interpretation of sexuality by psychiatrists (and for that matter also by psychoanalysts) relied on the self-observations of their articulate clients who were willing and even happy to share their sexual life-stories with them. Both patients and doctors were agents of culture at large which, in the context of Krafft-Ebing and Moll, was dominated by bourgeois values. Modern sexuality was, and probably still is, very much a middle-class phenomenon. Apart from the institutional developments in psychiatry, changes in the self-understanding of individuals who became its object have to be taken into account, and these can only be explained in the wider sociocultural context. The modernisation of sexuality involved transformations in the field of individualism, self-reflection and personal identity, as well as changes in the social function of sexuality. Psychiatric explanations of sexuality took shape at the same time as the experience of sexuality in society was transformed and it became a subject for introspection and obsessive self-scrutiny in the bourgeois milieu. 99 Crepault, E., and M. Counture. 1980. "Men's erotic fantasies" In Archives of Sexual Behavior. No. 9, pp. 565-581. Hertoft, Preben (2002), "Psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual dysfunction—or from sex therapy to marital therapy", Ugeskrift for Læger (published 7 October 2002), vol.164, no.41, pp.4805–8, PMID 12407889 The second feature of sexual modernism concerns the way sexual desires are defined and classified, and how the differentiation between the normal and the abnormal is discussed as a problem. Several taxonomies of sexual deviance were developed by psychiatrists in the late nineteenth century, but the one that took shape in Krafft-Ebing’s work and which was adopted by Moll eventually set the tone, not only in medical circles, but also in common-sense thinking. Although Krafft-Ebing and Moll also paid attention to voyeurism, exhibitionism, bestiality, paedophilia, gerontophilia, nymphomania, necrophilia, urolagnia, coprolagnia and several other sexual varieties, they distinguished four fundamental forms of perversion. 47 The first was contrary sexual feeling or (gender) inversion, including various physical and psychological fusions of masculinity and femininity that in the twentieth century would gradually be differentiated into homosexuality, bisexuality, androgyny, transvestitism and transsexuality. 48 The second was fetishism, the erotic obsession with certain parts of the body or objects. 49 The third and fourth were sadism and masochism, terms actually coined by Krafft-Ebing, the first inspired by the Marquis de Sade, and the second by the Austrian writer Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. 50 Some of Krafft-Ebing’s neologisms, such as sadism, masochism, and paedophilia, are still used today. Both of the terms homosexuality and heterosexuality, which had been introduced in 1869 by Karl Maria Kertbeny but were not in current use during the late nineteenth century, were reintroduced by Krafft-Ebing as well as by Moll around 1890. 51

Through the mediation of his teacher Roller, he was appointed in 1873 as the director of the newly established Styrian State Asylum Feldhof near Graz, and simultaneously awarded the Chair of Psychiatry at the University of Graz.A wide array of actors has attempted to get at just what human sexuality is, how it comes to be, and how it might be altered, if at all. For centuries, religion and its constitutive texts, rules, and prescriptions held the most authority when it came to the “truth” of sexuality. But toward the end of the 19th century, things began to change. Krafft-Ebing's principal work is Psychopathia Sexualis: eine Klinisch-Forensische Studie ( Sexual Psychopathy: A Clinical-Forensic Study), which was first published in 1886 and expanded in subsequent editions. The last edition from the hand of the author (the twelfth) contained a total of 238 case histories of human sexual behaviour. [9] His book Psychopathia Sexualis later became a widely-published standard work. [3] In the same year, 1886, he was elected a member of the Leopoldina. So beyond the historic Cesare Lombroso [vi] influenced eugenic tone of hereditary defect and degeneracy used as the framework for scientific study of human sexual behavior, this book harbors a feel of fetishistic pornographic voyeurism; providing a place for what historian Henry Oosterhuis claimed as “a kind of forum that allowed homosexuals and others to breach the loneliness and alienation that characterized their lives within nineteenth-century bourgeois society.” [vii] Krafft-Ebing extensively and explicitly validates homosexual experiences. He was the first to claim innate homosexual tendency and advocated for its therapeutic treatment. There is no way of determining how much of Krafft-Ebing’s case studies detailed the actual sexual thoughts and experiences of his patients, and how much was a fabricated elaborate fantasy of the doctor himself. From a historical standpoint, this book is a classic example of medical science providing the only socially acceptable, albeit legal, outlet for the display, discussion, and venue of all matters sexual, in this case, the criminally deviant; hence the reason the book fell into public popularity, particularly with those who felt a sense of validation through Krafft-Ebing’s authentication of non-normative sexuality. Yet, it is for his book Psychopathia Sexualis that Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing has entered history.

Rosario, Vernon A (2002), "Science and sexual identity: an essay review.", Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (published January 2002), vol.57, no.1, pp.79–85, doi: 10.1093/jhmas/57.1.79, PMID 11892515, S2CID 29913060 Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (August 14, 1840 – December 22, 1902) was an Austro-German psychiatrist. He published extensively on hypnosis, criminology, and sexual behavior.First published in 1866, Psychopathia Sexualis ("Psychopathology of Sex") went through a dozen editions and many translations. The book was developed as a forensic reference for doctors and judges, in high academic tone. In the introduction of the book, it was noted that the author had "deliberately chosen a scientific term for the name of the book to discourage lay readers." He also wrote sections of the book in Latin for the same purpose. Despite all these efforts, the book was highly popular with lay readers: it reached twelve editions in his lifetime and was translated into many languages. Johnson, J (1973), "Psychopathia Sexualis.", The Manchester Medical Gazette (published December 1973), vol.53, no.2, pp.32–4, PMID 4596802

Due to his father's professional relocation, the family moved initially to various locations in Baden and eventually to Heidelberg. In Heidelberg, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, after passing his university entrance exam at Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, where his grandfather taught law, turned to the study of medicine. He passed the state examination in 1863 " summa cum laude" with his work on "Sensory Delusions" and earned his Doctorate in Medicine. During his studies, he became a member of Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg in the winter semester of 1858/59. [2] Early Medical Career [ edit ] Hans Georg Zapotoczky, P. Hofmann: Werk und Person von Krafft-Ebing aus der Sicht unserer Zeit. In: Gerhardt Nissen, Frank Badura (Hrsg.): Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. Band 3. Würzburg 1997, S. 213–225. When using the term sadomasochism, contemporary psychiatrists emphasize the mental situation of pleasure in pain, whereas Krafft-Ebing's terms of sadomasochism include pleasure in humiliation, dominance, subjection, and subjugation. Sadism denotes a condition in which erotic pleasure derived inflicting pain or humiliation. The more puzzling condition of masochism is one in which erotic pleasure is obtained from being hurt, restrained, or humiliated. The coupling of the two names in sadomasochism is important as the two conditions are usually present, albeit with one or the other predominating, in one and the same individual. This individual may also display other deviant interests, for instance, in fetishism or transvestism. In Krafft-Ebing’s work there was a gradual shift away from a classification of perversions within clear boundaries to a tentative understanding of ‘normal’ sexuality in the context of deviance. He ceased to make hard distinctions between normal and abnormal mental states as well as sexualities, holding that – in the fashion of experimental physiology – only quantitative differences along a scale of infinite variations could be made. In his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie auf klinischerZwischenstufen [ Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types], Krafft-Ebing admitted that his earlier views on the immoral and pathological nature of homosexuality had been one-sided and that there was truth in the point of view of many of his homosexual correspondents who asked for sympathy and compassion. 18 Moll, whose thinking on sexual matters, in the context of his times, was at first, before the First World War, generally open-minded and pragmatic, afterwards became more conservative and nationalistic, especially when he turned against Hirschfeld and his Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee [Scientific Humanitarian Committee], which he had earlier supported by signing Hirschfeld’s petition. In Moll’s view, Hirschfeld and his adherents, by promoting homosexual emancipation and the popularisation of sexological knowledge, mixed up scientific sexology and a leftist political agenda. 19 This might explain why Moll, who in the 1890s, in the three editions of his Die paradoxia, sexual excitement occurring independently of the period of the physiological processes in the generative organs A bibliography of von Krafft-Ebing's writings can be found in A. Kreuter, Deutschsprachige Neurologen und Psychiater, München 1996, Band 2, pp. 767-774.

and even criminal acts. A. Paradoxia. Sexual Instinct Manifesting itself Independently of Physiological Processes. 1. Sexual Instinct Manifested in Childhood. Brennan, J.F. 1986. History and systems of psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0133922189 fr) Pierre Claude Victoire Boiste and Charles Nodier: Universal Dictionary of the French Language, with Latin and Etymologies, Comparative Excerpt, Concordance, Critique and Supplement of All French Dictionaries The twelfth and final edition of Psychopathia Sexualis presented four categories of what Krafft-Ebing called " cerebral neuroses":Psychopathia Sexualis is a forensic reference book for psychiatrists, physicians, and judges. Written in an academic style, its introduction noted that, to discourage lay readers, the author had deliberately chosen a scientific term for the title of the book and that he had written parts of it in Latin for the same purpose. This diagnosis allowed him to advocate for complete decriminalization of homosexuality, arguing that homosexuals were not responsible for their "malformation" and that homosexuality was not contagious. Although Krafft-Ebing was considered an authoritative figure in the field of forensic medicine at his time, this theory remained without consequences for decriminalization. According to Volkmar Sigusch, he adopted the degeneration theories of his French research colleagues [5] and borrowed the term Sadism used in France since 1834 (Dictionnaire Universel de Boiste, eighth edition) [6] as the name for a pathology. The now well-known technical term " Masochism" was coined by him. [7] He also dealt extensively with Hypnotism and was one of the first to apply it clinically. Increasingly, he was called in as a forensic expert.

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