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The King Over the Water: A Complete History of the Jacobites

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The Act of Settlement 1701 barred Catholics from the English throne, and when Anne became the last Stuart monarch in 1702, her heir was her Protestant cousin Sophia of Hanover, not her Catholic half-brother James. As early as 1745, the French were struggling with the costs of the War of the Austrian Succession, and in June 1746, they began peace negotiations with Britain at Breda.

This has led some historians, notably Bruce Lenman, to characterise the Jacobite risings as French-backed coup attempts by a small network drawn from the elite, though this view is not universally accepted.

Both offered the crowns, not to James's infant son, but to his adult Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband and cousin, James's nephew, William of Orange. Jacobitism [c] was a political movement that supported the restoration of the senior line of the House of Stuart to the British throne. Charles’s fortunes finally improved when England and France signed the treaty of Westminster in October 1655 – this was an alliance primarily against Spain, and Philip IV promptly committed himself to the restoration of Charles, who went to Brussels to begin negotiations with the viceroy of the Spanish Netherlands, and (at last! Many of the Highland clansmen who were a feature of Jacobite armies were raised this way: in all three major risings, the bulk of the rank and file were supplied by a small number of north-western clans whose leaders joined the rebellion.

When James went into exile after the November 1688 Glorious Revolution, the Parliament of England decided that he had abandoned the English throne, which they offered to his Protestant daughter Mary II of England, and her husband William III.

Oak Apple Day on 29 May commemorated Charles II and was an occasion for displays of Stuart sympathy, as was "White Rose Day", the Old Pretender's birthday on 10 June. In June, Cromwell moved north, and rather than waiting to be attacked, Charles moved his army south into England – as far as Worcester – hoping that English royalists would flock to his banner. Several days after the Irish Jacobites were defeated at The Battle of the Boyne in July 1690, victory at Beachy Head gave the French temporary control of the English Channel. In 1685, many feared civil war if James were bypassed; by 1688, even the Earl of Sunderland, his chief minister, felt only his removal could prevent it. Throughout the 17th century, the close connection between Scottish politics and religion meant changes of regime were accompanied by the losers being expelled from the kirk.

The collapse of the South Sea Company, established in an absurd attempt to trade with countries with whom England was also at war – an early example of a speculative bubble – also damaged the king’s reputation. The better read might be able to talk about the ‘Glorious Revolution’ and the arrival in 1688 of King William III. However, views on the 'correct' balance of rights and duties between monarch and subject varied, and Jacobites attempted to distinguish between 'arbitrary' and 'absolute' power.Jacobitism's main ideological tenets drew on a political theology shared by Non-juring High church Anglicans, such as the Hancorne family, and Scots Episcopalians. Upon the extinction of the Royal Stuart line with the death of Henry, Cardinal of York, and applying male-preference primogeniture unaltered by the Act of Settlement 1701, the succession would have passed to the individuals named in the table below. Defeat in 1652 led to the mass confiscation of Catholic and Royalist land, and its re-distribution among English Parliamentary soldiers and Protestant settlers.

Representing "pre-industrial paternalism" and "mystical loyalism" against forward-thinking individualism, this conception of Jacobitism was reinforced by Macaulay's stereotype of the typical "Tory-Jacobite squire" as a "bigoted, ignorant, drunken philistine". The next heir-in-line would be her eldest son Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein (born 1995) of the House of Liechtenstein. The agency is sad to report the unexpected death of Desmond Seward, aged eighty-six, an agency client since January 2001 and a full-time historian and biography for over fifty years. It was only in 1744 that France, now embroiled against Britain in the War of the Austrian Succession, finally decided that a Stuart restoration was a ‘sound investment’. Although he also approved Parliament's resolution that Ireland was a "distinct kingdom" and laws passed in England did not apply there, he refused to abolish Poynings' Law, which required Irish legislation to be approved by the English Parliament.

With political Jacobitism now safely confined to an "earlier era", the hitherto largely ignored site of their final defeat at Culloden began to be celebrated. Although Charles and Parliament both supported raising an army to suppress the Rebellion, neither trusted the other with its control; these tensions ultimately led to the outbreak of the First English Civil War in August 1642.

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