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I can do so much more than I thought I could. If you are willing to work on your life, even though it takes time and can be really scary and tough... at the end you will get what you worked for” (Kathy). The second scenario is that life changes do occur following traumatic events, but these changes are stressful and so lead to negative health outcomes. Abel, L.; Walker, C.; Samios, C.; Morozow, L. Vicarious Posttraumatic Growth: Predictors of Growth and Relationships with Adjustment. Traumatology 2014, 20, 9–18. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Step 8. Constructing the essential structure of the phenomenon from all the cases ( meta-synthesis of all the different case constructions). Helgeson, V.S.; Reynolds, K.A.; Tomich, P.L. A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2006, 74, 797–816. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]
When the level of DR was low, as the level of GSE increased, the level of PTG of college students showed a significant upward trend (Effect = 0.867, t = 12.183, p< 0.001). Alsayadi, H.; Abdelhamid, A.; Hegazy, I.; Taha, Z. Data Augmentation for Arabic Speech Recognition Based on End-to-End Deep Learning. Int. J. Intell. Comput. Inf. Sci. 2021, 21, 50–64. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results. References Büyükaşik-Çolak, C.; Aktürk, E.G.; Bozo, Ö. Mediating Role of Coping in the Dispositional Optimism–Posttraumatic Growth Relation in Breast Cancer Patients. J. Psychol. 2012, 146, 471–483. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Evans, I.; Lindsay, J. Incorporation Rather Than Recovery: Living with the Legacy of Domestic Violence. Women’s Stud. Int. Forum 2008, 31, 355–362. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Spiegelberg, H. The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Indroduction by Herbert Spiegelberg, 3rd ed.; Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague, The Netherlands, 1984. [ Google Scholar] WZ and YX designed the research and reviewed and edited the paper. XW, WZ, YX, and JW carried out the literature search and data analysis. WZ, XW, YX, JW, YZ, JS, DH, and ZZ wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding
In contrast Milam, (2006) examined optimism and pessimism in relation to PTG and found that both mediated the relationship between PTG and positive outcomes. Indeed they found that those low in either construct were the ones most likely to derive benefits, leading the author to hypothesise that those who have no strong expectations about the future (e.g. those not overly optimistic or pessimistic) were the ones most likely to experience positive outcomes following a traumatic event.SPSS 23.0 and SPSS plug-in PROCESS (version 3.3) were used to analyze the collected data. First, a descriptive analysis of the scores of GSE, PR, PTG, and DR scales was carried out. Second, the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between continuous variables. Finally, the SPSS plug-in PROCESS (version 3.3) was used to test the mediating role of PTG and the moderating role of DR in the relationship between GSE and PR. The PROCESS plug-in was developed by Hayes (2013) and Bolin (2014) pacifically for path analysis-based conditioning and mediation analysis and their combinations. Results
Bose, C.N.; Bjorling, G.; Elfstrom, M.L.; Persson, H.; Saboonchi, F. Assessment of Coping Strategies and Their Associations with Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: The Brief COPE Restructured. Cardiol. Res. 2015, 6, 239–248. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] London, M.J.; Mercer, M.C.; Lilly, M.M. Considering the Impact of Early Trauma on Coping and Pathology to Predict Posttraumatic Growth among 9-1-1 Telecommunicators. J. Interpers. Violence 2017, 35, 4709–4731. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Edmondson, A.C.; Lei, Z. Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 2014, 1, 23–43. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] For verification, all the transcripts were read over again and compared to the final analytic framework. Consortium, U. UniProt: A hub for protein information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43, D204–D212. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed]
What Does PTG Actually Refer to?
Chen, T.; Guestrin, C. Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, USA, 13–17 August 2016; pp. 785–794. [ Google Scholar] Tedeschi, R.G.; Shakespeare-Finch, J.; Taku, K.; Calhoun, L.G. Posttraumatic Growth: Theory, Research, and Applications; Routledge: London, UK, 2018. [ Google Scholar] Hypothesis 3: In the context of the COVID-19 epidemic, the PTG of college students has a positive correlation with PR.
Margetić, B.; Peraica, T.; Stojanović, K.; Ivanec, D. Predictors of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic; a Croatian study. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2021, 175, 110691. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Bartley, C.E.; Roesch, S.C. Coping with daily stress: The role of conscientiousness. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2011, 50, 79–83. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] In light of the fact that a number of contradicting hypothesises have been supported in the literature concerning the relationship between PTG and health outcomes it is concluded that much more research is needed to understand the mechanisms that lead an individual experiencing PTG to experience health changes, be they positive, negative or neutral. Do Other Psychological Variables Mediate the Relationship Between PTG and Positive Outcomes?
Post-Traumatic Growth
Schuster, M.; Paliwal, K.K. Bidirectional recurrent neural networks. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 1997, 45, 2673–2681. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Haidt, (2006) also noted that optimists were more likely to experience PTG following adversity. The literature is unclear as to why optimisms experience more positive benefits following trauma. Is it just their ability to expect positive outcomes and look on the bright side or is there more to it? Studies have shown that patients with high GSE have lower stress and greater PR during treatment and that it has a long-term impact on the resilience of a patient after treatment ( Zhang W. et al., 2020), improving their quality of life ( Chen et al., 2018; Hinz et al., 2019). It can be seen that a high sense of GSE can help people deal with adversity. Psychological Resilience It has become clear to me, how I want things to be, what I accept from other people and what I do not accept” (Norma).
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