Osiris Recovery Oil, 100ml

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Rabiee, A., Ershad-Langroudi, A. & Zeynali, M. E. A survey on cationic polyelectrolytes and their applications: acrylamide derivatives. Rev. Chem. Eng. 31, 239–261 (2015). PAM used as a flocculant in water treatment or sludge dewatering is disposed in high-solid biogas digestors or landfills. 94 Although PAM is typically considered to be relatively recalcitrant to organic decomposition, 95 it can be degraded during anaerobic digestion. For example, anaerobes have been shown to hydrolyze PAM complexed with tyrosine-rich proteins. 96 A recent study found that cationic PAM can be converted to methane via methanogenesis, and it can be depolymerized generating acrylamide and acrylic acid. Acrylamide concentrations as high as 15 mg/L were identified in a 22-day digestion of sludge containing 12 g/kg total suspended solids (equivalent to 240 mg/L PAM). 97 Kinetic models of PAM biodegradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions have been developed and used to maximize the rate of PAM removal using biological degradation. 98 Noik, C., Delaplace, P. & Muller, G. Physico-chemical characteristics of polyacrylamide solutions after mechanical degradation through a porous medium. In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. (Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, 1995). Mallevialle, J., Bruchet, A. & Fiessinger, F. How safe are organic polymers in water treatment? J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 76, 87–93 (1984).

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Zeng, Y., Yang, C., Zhang, J. & Pu, W. Feasibility investigation of oily wastewater treatment by combination of zinc and PAM in coagulation/flocculation. J. Hazard Mater. 147, 991–996 (2007). Cannella, W., Huh, C. & Seright, R. Prediction of xanthan rheology in porous media. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. (Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, 1988).

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Shanker, R., Ramakrishna, C. & Seth, P. K. Microbial degradation of acrylamide monomer. Arch. Microbiol. 154, 192–198 (1990). Yi, X. S., et al. Factorial design applied to flux decline of anionic polyacrylamide removal from water by modified polyvinylidene fluoride ultrafiltration membranes. Desalination 274, 7–12 (2011).

Predicting hydrocarbon recovery - AAPG Wiki Predicting hydrocarbon recovery - AAPG Wiki

Many previous studies have demonstrated the importance of dissolved oxygen and Fe 2+ in the chemical degradation of PAM under environmental conditions. 40, 41, 42, 62, 64, 67, 72, 73 In the absence of dissolved oxygen, polymer viscosity is stable at room temperature, 67 and may increase slightly due to crosslinking reactions. 64 Fe 2+ can generate hydroxyl radicals by autoxidation under acidic conditions with hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate product. 74 Fe 2+ can be released by oxidative dissolution of pyrite minerals or other iron-bearing clays, which simultaneously acidifies the fluid; this drop in pH is minimized in the presence of alkaline minerals such as calcite (typical in the Eagle Ford and Antrim shale plays). 75 Although deep subsurface conditions in EOR or HVHF are anoxic, the injected fluids will carry significant concentrations of oxygen into the formation. This oxygen can cause PAM degradation, although it can also react with pyrite and various hydrocarbons. 67, 76 Oxygen scavengers have been added to EOR fluids to improve fluid stability; 41, 67 this has not been discussed in HVHF applications. In addition, some EOR and HVHF operations utilize persulfate breaker to maximize the fluid return, which will cause accelerated chemical degradation of PAM through the formation of sulfate radicals. 66 The presence of degraded polyacrylamide could lead to a significant increase in mobility of the molecule in the environment due to the more hydrophilic nature of polyacrylamide with increased content of carboxylic groups after hydrolysis and degradation under various environmental conditions. 33, 39, 40, 41, 42 This creates potential challenges for water supplies and wastewater treatment. The general mechanisms of PAM degradation have been reviewed by Caulfield et al. 43 and are summarized briefly in the following sections. Degradation mechanisms The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens. [ citation needed] Fink, J. Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Fluids Technology. (Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, TX, 2013). Lu, M., Wu, X. & Wei, X. Chemical degradation of polyacrylamide by advanced oxidation processes. Environ. Technol. 33, 1021–1028 (2012).

Zinatizadeh, A. A. et al. Polyacrylamide-induced coagulation process removing suspended solids from palm oil mill effluent. Sep. Sci. Technol. 52, 520–527 (2017).