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Bicycle helmets with ring fit systems allow for a single size, also known as universal fit. [3] [4] In addition to living in neighborhoods with high levels of environmental stress, ethnic and racial minority youth are disproportionally more likely to have interactions with the juvenile justice system ( Freudenberg & Ruglis, 2007; Lauritsen, 2005), or to have relatives involved in the criminal justice system as compared to their white peers. As a consequence, these minority youth may expect greater injustice from formal institutions ( Woolard, Cleary, Harvell, & Chen, 2008). Persistent exposure to discrimination and racial profiling ( Rousseau et al., 2009) can also impact their ability to trust and collaborate with mental health providers. Community, religious, and social agencies are therefore more typically trusted as resources to confront the hardships and stressors associated with their own and/or their family’s living circumstances ( Alegria et al., 2002). Expectations of misunderstanding and/or coercion within traditional institutional services (e.g. schools, police, and government services) tend to discourage minority youth and families from seeking professional mental health care ( Takeuchi, Bui, & Kim, 1993). As a result, there is a larger gap between the mental health service system’s offerings in contrast to the negative expectations and unmet needs of diverse children and youth.
Mavis G. Sanders, Joyce L. Epstein, and Lori Connors-Tadros, “Family Partnerships with High Schools: The Parents’ Perspective” (Baltimore: Center for Research on the Education of Students Placed At Risk at Johns Hopkins University, 1999), available at https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED428148.pdf.
Disciplinary action was the most likely type of information to be communicated irregularly, with more than one-third of parents, teachers, and leaders saying it was currently only communicated when deemed necessary. However, only one-quarter of parents and less than one-fifth of school leaders believed this information should ideally be communicated irregularly. There was also a large gap regarding opportunities to be involved in decision-making; twice as many parents and three times as many school leaders reported that communication was currently irregular as those who wanted it to be irregular. Bargou R, Leo E, Zugmaier G, Klinger M, Goebeler M, Knop S, Noppeney R, Viardot A, Hess G, Schuler M, et al. Tumor regression in cancer patients by very low doses of a T cell-engaging antibody. Science. 2008;321:974–77. doi:10.1126/science.1158545. The influence of receptor density, antigen-binding affinities, molecular format, and cytotoxicity kinetics, as… Learning Heroes, “Parents 2018: Going Beyond Good Grades” (Alexandria, VA: 2018), available at https://r50gh2ss1ic2mww8s3uvjvq1-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/2018_Research_Report-final_WEB.pdf. Thomas J. Watkins, “Teacher Communications, Child Achievement, and Parent Traits in Parent Involvement Models,” The Journal of Educational Research 91 (1) (1997): 3–14, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220679709597515.
Other school districts also have interesting family engagement activities and policies, though they are not directly related to communication approaches. Bensalem Township School District in Bensalem, Pennsylvania, for instance, requires that the annual evaluation of parent engagement activities examines differences across all racial and ethnic subgroups and articulates the unique barriers faced by different families, such as limited literacy, economic disadvantage, or limited English proficiency. 68 The Bensalem plan highlights that it will ensure coordination in parent involvement activities across other federal, state, and local programs. In women's clothing, a flexible or open garment can be labeled as one size fits all; however, the size is typically a medium size (able to expand), rather than actually fitting petite or extra-large (XL) sizes. Our research into gastrointestinal cancers is advancing our understanding of how different patients respond to treatment. Kristin Turney and Grace Kao, “Barriers to School Involvement: Are Immigrant Parents Disadvantaged?”, The Journal of Educational Research 102 (4) (2009): 257–271, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JOER.102.4.257-271.
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In today’s progressively global world, professional health and mental health care providers are increasingly required to interact with families whose race, culture, national origin, living circumstances, and family composition are different from their own. This is particularly true in almost any urban clinic in the U.S., but especially so in public contexts, where providers routinely encounter multiethnic and multiracial populations. By the year 2010, immigrant children will comprise 22% of school age children in the U.S. ( Connect for Kids, 2006). In contrast to immigrants from Europe during the 19th century, most families that immigrated to the United States in the last two decades have come from Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa ( Singer, 2002). These children and families speak different languages and often have skin color that distinguishes them from the European (majority) culture. According to the National Survey of Children’s Health of 2004, the primary language spoken at home was far more likely not be English in Latino (60%) and Asian/ Pacific Islander (41%) households compared with white (1%) children’s households ( Flores & Tomany-Korman, 2008). Meghan McQuiggan, Mahi Megra, and Sarah Grady, “Parent and Family Involvement in Education: Results from the National Household Education Surveys Program of 2016” (Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2017), available at https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/2017102.pdf.
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