The Northumbrians: North-East England and Its People: A New History

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Chalmers, George (1887). Caledonia: or a historical and topographical account of North Britain, from the most ancient to the present times with a dictionary of places chorographical and philological. Vol.1 (newed.). Paisley: Alex. Gardner. These differences in the practice of Christianity may have played a part in the unification of Bernicia and Deira under Oswald's successor, Oswiu. Although united under Aethelfrith, Bernicia and Deira maintained their old rivalry and these differences seem to have worsened after Edwin's death. After Oswald was killed in the Battle of Maserfield, the kingdom was divided between his brother Oswiu at Bernicia and Oswine (son of Osric, Edwin's cousin, r. 633-634 CE) at Deira. Another prominent contributor to the distinctiveness is the instantly-recognisable regional dialect, with its own particular words like “canny” or “howay”, with their several meanings. Read More Related Articles Linguistically, the Northumbrian dialect is closely related to Scots and other traditional Northern English dialects which share a common origin in Northumbrian Middle English. [51] Biodiversity [ edit ] Murphy, D, ed. (1893–95). The Annals of Clonmacnoise. Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland . Retrieved 14 September 2009.

Schapiro, Meyer (1980). Selected Papers, volume 3, Late Antique, Early Catholic and Mediaeval Art. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-2514-1. Bede, Ecclesiastical History, III: VI (Oswald "brought under his dominion all the nations and provinces of Britain, which are divided into four languages, viz. the Britons, the Picts, the Scots, and the English.")The most complete narrative of the battle itself is given by Bede, who nevertheless fails to inform us of the location other than his mention that it took place 'in straits of inaccessible mountains'. [17] Goffart, WalterA. (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05514-5. MacLean, Douglas (1997). "King Oswald's wooden Cross at Heavenfield in Context". In Catherine E. Karkov; Michael Ryan; Robert T. Farrell (eds.). The Insular Tradition: A Resource Manual. SUNY Press. pp.79–98. ISBN 978-0-7914-3455-0. In 865 CE, the Vikings halted their practice of periodic hit-and-run raids and invaded Britain in full force. The Great Heathen Army, as it was called by medieval scribes, landed at East Anglia and subdued it and then marched on Northumbria, conquered it, and then took most of Mercia. Northumbria seems to have been taken easily because of conflict between two kings, neither of whose dates are known: Osberht and Aelle.

Iron and Coal by William Bell Scott, a Tyne study which can be seen at Wallington Hall (Image: Newcastle Chronicle) Green, Adrian (2007). Regional Identities in North-East England, 1300–2000. Boydell & Brewer, Boydell Press. p.223. ISBN 9781843833352. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt9qdh4m . Retrieved 16 November 2022. Berg, Knut (1958). "The Gosforth Cross". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 21 (21 (1/2)): 27–30. doi: 10.2307/750485. JSTOR 750485. S2CID 195032909. The accent is ancient and immediately distinctive,” says Dan. This is because many of the dialect words have a clear Anglo-Saxon link.

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Downham 2004 reconsiders the Northumbrian Viking king known as Eric and his perhaps tenuous relationship to the Eric Bloodaxe of the sagas.

In 866 Ivar the Boneless captured the lands between the Humber and Tees (former Deira) and founded Scandinavian Kingdom of York. The lands north of the Tees lay outside of the immediate control of the Scandinavian Kings and remained under Anglian rule. The Earls of Bamburgh or Kings of the North Saxons, successors to the Bernician and later Northumbrian kings, continued to rule the lands north of the Tyne, while the Community of St. Cuthbert or Haliwerfolc, successors to the See of Lindisfarne, emerged as the rulers of the lands between the Tyne and Tees. Both Bamburgh and the Community of St. Cuthbert presented themselves as the successors of the Kingdom of Northumbria. [15] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves" [16] However, Scandinavian settlement was concentrated south of the Tees and penetrated only a short distance north thereof, terminating beyond Teesdale. This is attested by place-name evidence, which suggests that County Durham and Northumberland were not settled by Scandinavians to the extent that Yorkshire and other parts of Northern England were. [17] The notion of a modern Northumbria was institutionalised in the late 20th century as the name was adopted by a number of regional institutions in the North East, namely the Northumbria Tourist Board, Northumbria Police, Northumbria University and Northumbrian Water. Bede (2008). Colgrave, Bertram; McClure; Collins (eds.). Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199537235. Scholar Roger Collins has observed how few historical records survive from the Kingdom of Mercia due to the wars with Wessex and the Viking invasions and goes on to note, “the conflicts of the ninth and tenth centuries were in most respects to prove equally destructive in Northumbria, whose political stability had never been very secure” (194). Due to the loss of these records, many events in Northumbria's history are obscured and the last year of Aethelfrith's reign is among them.

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An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015. Wood, Ian (2008). "Thrymas, Sceattas and the Cult of the Cross". Two Decades of Discovery. Studies in Early Medieval Coinage. Vol.1. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp.23–30. ISBN 978-1-84383-371-0. Neuman de Vegvar, Carol L. (1990). The Northumbrian Golden Age: The Parameters of a Renaissance. University Microfilms. Usage of the Insular style was not limited to manuscript production and metalwork. It can be seen in and sculpture, such as the Ruthwell Cross and Bewcastle Cross. The devastating Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793 marked the beginning of a century of Viking invasions that severely limited the production and survival of Anglo-Saxon material culture. [101] It heralded the end of Northumbria's position as a centre of influence, although in the years immediately following visually rich works like the Easby Cross were still being produced. The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as Ireland. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to Rome and abandoned the traditions of the Celtic church in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to England, he became abbot of a new monastery at Ripon in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the Synod of Whitby. The two-halves of the double monastery Monkwearmouth–Jarrow were founded by the nobleman Benedict Biscop in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. [85] His successor, Abbot Ceolfrith, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. [85] One who benefited from this library was Bede. [86]