100 x Urine Test Strips for Infection Cystitis Testing Sticks, UTI, Nitrite, Leukocytes, 8 Parameter Urinalysis Multisticks

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The urine is then collected in a clean urine specimen cup while the patient is urinating. It is best to avoid collecting the initial stream of urine. After the initial part of urine is disposed of in the toilet, then the urine is collected in the urine container provided. Once about 30 mL to 60 mL (roughly 3 to 5 tablespoons) are collected in the container for testing, the remainder of the urine may be voided in the toilet again. This is called the midstream clean catch urine collection.

Certain food or drugs may also influence colour; beetroot can produce a pinkish shade and rifampicin can turn urine orange/red.

Red urine: can be caused by the presence of blood in the urine (macroscopic haematuria), porphyria, drugs such as rifampicin and certain foods (e.g. beetroot). Studies have shown that when urinalysis is performed with an instrument, sensitivity is increased and positives are correctly identified and reported. 4 Diagnosing medical conditions: urinary tract infections, kidney stones, uncontrolled diabetes (high blood sugars), kidney impairment, muscle breakdown ( rhabdomyolysis), protein in urine ( proteinuria), drug screening, and kidney inflammation (glomerulonephritis).

Carl Friedrich Gärtner (1772–1850) expressed a wish for an easy way of testing urine for disease at the patient's bedside. [24] Catheter specimen of urine: collected for bacteriological examination if a patient’s symptoms suggest the presence of a UTI. The sampling technique used for collection is important (Baillie and Arrowsmith, 2005). a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.73–75. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012. Blood can enter urine via damage to the filtration barrier in the kidneys that normally prevents blood from entering the urine or because of an abnormality to the structures that usually drain urine from the kidneys, store urine (bladder) or transport urine outside (urethra) (Bryant and Catto, 2008). Blood in the urine can be indicative of kidney disease; inflammatory lesions of the urinary tract (infection or cancer); renal damage; or kidney/renal stones. If sample is not being sent to a laboratory for further investigations, dispose of urine, used strip, urine container and gloves, following local policy, and wash handsOther commonly performed urine tests are drug tests, pregnancy tests, specific chemicals and proteins in the body, which are not a part of routine urinalysis. Monitoring disease progression and response to therapy: diabetes related kidney disease, kidney impairment, lupus related kidney disease, blood pressure related kidney disease, kidney infection, proteinuria, and hematuria It is normal to find up to 3 (occasionally 5) leukocytes per high power field (40X) in a urine sample, with women having slightly higher results owing to vaginal contamination. [ citation needed] Higher numbers indicate urinary infection. The urine test strip test for white blood cells detects leukocyte esterase, which is present in azurophilic granules of monocytes and granulocytes ( neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic). Bacteria, lymphocytes and epithelial cells from the genitourinary tract do not contain esterases. [21] Neutrophil granulocytes are the leukocytes most commonly associated with urinary infections. A positive test for leukocyte esterase normally indicates the presence of bacteria and a positive nitrite test (although it is not always the case). Infections caused by Trichomonas, Chlamydia and yeasts produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria. The inflammation of the renal tissues ( interstitial nephritis) can produce leukocyturia, in particular toxic interstitial nephritis with predominant eosinophils. [21]