CONSTRUCT & CREATE Hydraulic Robot Arm

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You might be wondering how a hydraulic ram can move both inward and outward if the hydraulic fluid is always pushing it from one direction. A350 Landing gear Test Filton (2014) by Leaderlive (2:09). Can you spot the hydraulic cylinders? What is a hydraulic power unit? Can You Feel the Force? by Richard Hammond. Dorling Kindersley, 2007/2015. A fun-filled introduction to basic physics. (I was one of the consultants on this book.) electric motors use electromagnetism: when an electric current flows through coils inside them, it creates a temporary magnetic force that pushes against a ring of permanent magnets, making the motor shaft rotate. The Way Things Work Now by David Macaulay. DK, 2016. Lots of hydraulic machines are taken apart and explained in this classic how-it-works tome.

In simple hydraulic systems, the small cylinder has to move a much larger distance than the large cylinder. That means the small cylinder is limited in the distance it can push or pull. To make a hydraulic system even more powerful, the small cylinder can be replaced with a pump. This creates something that works like the small cylinder, but with an infinite “travel distance.” The pump continues to draw fluid out of a reservoir and pushes the big cylinder until the reservoir is empty. These hydraulic power units(HPUs) are installed on construction equipment and heavy lifting rigs. Most large airplanes have HPUs to move the flaps on wings and rudders. A single HPU can feed dozens of cylinders, limited only by the pump power and reservoir capacity. What are hydraulic fluids? Photo: A hydraulic ram moves either inward or outward depending on which direction the hydraulic fluid is flowing. The choice of the fluid inside the hydraulic system is important as it flows under tremendous pressure, easily thousands of psi (pounds per square inch). A typical piece of machinery or heavy equipment may have thousands of sealed connection points and several different types: System type (3) gives the advantage that activated functions are synchronized independent of pump flow capacity. The flow relation between two or more activated functions remains independent of load pressures, even if the pump reaches the maximum swivel angle. This feature is important for machines that often run with the pump at maximum swivel angle and with several activated functions that must be synchronized in speed, such as with excavators. With the type (4) system, the functions with up-stream compensators have priority, for example the steering function for a wheel loader. The system type with down-stream compensators usually have a unique trademark depending on the manufacturer of the valves, for example "LSC" (Linde Hydraulics), "LUDV" ( Bosch Rexroth Hydraulics) and "Flowsharing" (Parker Hydraulics) etc. No official standardized name for this type of system has been established but flowsharing is a common name for it.The closed center circuits exist in two basic configurations, normally related to the regulator for the variable pump that supplies the oil:

Hydraulic systems, like pneumatic systems, are based on Pascal's law which states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will transmit that pressure equally everywhere and in all directions. A hydraulic system uses an incompressible liquid as its fluid, rather than a compressible gas.

Hydraulics in practice

you simply reverse the fluid flow. If you want to make it turn faster or slower, you increase or decrease the fluid flow.