Dettol Antibacterial Mould Spray and Mildew Remover, Removes Ingrained Mould Stains from Walls, Tiles & Windows, Pack of 3, Total 2.25L

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Exploring Our History. Pfizer Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2009.

a b Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (5): 849–853. doi: 10.3201/eid2305.161556. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 5403050. Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 46 (3, 713): 837. Bibcode: 1940Natur.146..837A. doi: 10.1038/146837a0. S2CID 4070796. Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Seifert, K. A.; Overy, D. P.; Tuthill, D. M.; Valdez, J. G.; Samson, R. A. (December 2012). "New penicillin-producing Penicillium species and an overview of section Chrysogena". Persoonia. 29 (1): 78–100. doi: 10.3767/003158512X660571. PMC 3589797. PMID 23606767. Unbeknown to the Oxford team, their Lancet article was read by Martin Henry Dawson, Gladys Hobby and Karl Meyer at Columbia University, and they were inspired to replicate the Oxford team's results. They obtained a culture of penicillium mould from Roger Reid at Johns Hopkins Hospital, grown from a sample he had received from Fleming in 1935. They began growing the mould on 23 September, and on 30 September tested it against viridans streptococci, and confirmed the Oxford team's results. Meyer duplicated Chain's processes, and they obtained a small quantity of penicillin. On 15 October 1940, doses of penicillin were administered to two patients at the Presbyterian Hospital in New York City, Aaron Alston and Charles Aronson. They became the first persons to receive penicillin treatment in the United States. He then treated two patients with endocarditis. [90] [91] The Columbia team presented the results of their penicillin treatment of the four patients at the annual meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation in Atlantic City, New Jersey, on 5 May 1941. Their paper was reported on by William L. Laurence in The New York Times and generated great public interest. [91] [92] [93] A laboratory worker sprays a solution containing penicillin mould into flasks of corn steep liquor medium, to encourage further penicillin growth.Nicolaou, K.C.; Vourloumis, D.; Winssinger, N.; Baran, P. S. (January 2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angewandte Chemie. 39 (1): 44–122. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<44::AID-ANIE44>3.0.CO;2-L. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 10649349. Chain, E (1948). "The chemistry of penicillin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 17 (1): 657–704. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.17.070148.003301. PMID 18893607. Fulton, Penicillin and Chance". Yale Medicine Magazine. Fall 1999 – Winter 2000 . Retrieved 16 February 2023. Bentley, Ronald (2009). "Different roads to discovery; Prontosil (hence sulfa drugs) and penicillin (hence β-lactams)". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (6): 775–786. doi: 10.1007/s10295-009-0553-8. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 19283418. S2CID 35432074.

a b c Neushul, P. (1993). "Science, Government, and the Mass Production of Penicillin". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 48 (4): 371–395. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 8283024. Thom, C. (1931). "Appendix. History of species used and Dr. Thom's diagnoses of species". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 220 (468–473): 83–92. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1931.0015. The chemical names were based on the side chains of the compounds. In 1948, Chain introduced the chemical names as standard nomenclature, remarking that this would "make the nomenclature as far as possible unambiguous". [170] Ann Russel, a TikTok ‘cleanfluencer’ and author of the book ‘How To Clean Everything’ told Homebuilding & Renovating: “Use anti-limescale spray and a stiff brush. It can lodge in grout and limescale – so kill both birds with one spray.”

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Kruif 1996, p.157 "At once Pasteur jumped to a fine idea: "If the harmless bugs from the air choke out the anthrax bacilli in the bottle, they will do it in the body too! It is a kind of dog-eat-dog!” shouted Pasteur, (...) Pasteur gravely announced: "That there were high hopes for the cure of disease from this experiment", but that is the last you hear of it, for Pasteur was never a man to give the world of science the benefit of studying his failures." After the end of the war in 1945, penicillin became widely available. Dorothy Hodgkin determined its chemical structure, for which she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964. This led to the development of semisynthetic penicillins that were more potent and effective against a wider range of bacteria. The drug was synthesised in 1957, but cultivation of mould remains the primary means of production. It was discovered that adding penicillin to animal feed increased weight gain, improved feed-conversion efficiency, promoted more uniform growth and facilitated disease control. Agriculture became a major user of penicillin. Shortly after their discovery of penicillin, the Oxford team reported penicillin resistance in many bacteria. Research that aims to circumvent and understand the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance continues today. Further development yielded β-lactamase-resistant penicillins, including flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and methicillin. These were significant for their activity against β-lactamase-producing bacterial species, but were ineffective against the MRSA strains. [209]