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Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction

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First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted.

The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans.

The violence is widely considered a starting point of the Holocaust, in which Nazi Germany murdered 6 million Jews. In addition to the first hand accounts, Gilbert goes into great deapth about the international reaction to Kristallnancht. The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers.

Labor Secretary Frances Perkins, whose department oversaw the Immigration and Naturalization Service, persuaded President Roosevelt to allow approximately 12,000 Germans, most of whom were Jews and already in the United States on visitor visas, to remain in the country indefinitely. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. The Nazis would insist this was spontaneous eruption by the Germans against the Jews after the (eventually successful) assassination attempt against a German diplomat in Paris by a young German-Polish Jew. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, a chief instigator of the Kristallnacht pogroms, suggested to the convened Nazi 'Old Guard' that 'World Jewry' had conspired to commit the assassination.As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors. In 1989, Al Gore, then a senator from Tennessee and later Vice President of the United States, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in The New York Times. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg.

On 9 November 2022, KFC app users in Germany were sent a message reading "It's memorial day for Kristallnacht! The brutality of the pogrom, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. He highlights the brave government/embassy members who illegally continued to issue emigration visas and citizens who risked their lives to shelter and hide Jews - making it clear that there were indeed "good Germans". Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Düsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population.

Today we are faced with Jew-hatred on a scale as great as that of the Nazis in the form of hatred of Israel. Yad Vashem, a Holocaust memorial centre, released the photographs on the 84th anniversary of Kristallnacht, also known as the Night of Broken Glass. As it was aware that the German public did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal. The international Évian Conference on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Romani immigration to other countries. From the day Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, anti-Semitism had become encoded in the governmental policies of Nazi Germany.

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