Tobar Rainbow Humming Top Traditional Spinning Toy

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Trinidad and Tobago, known as "The land of the hummingbird," displays a hummingbird on that nation's coat of arms, [228] 1-cent coin, [229] and livery on its national airline, Caribbean Airlines. [230] Some modern tops are kept perpetually in motion by spinning magnetic fields from a special ground plate. a b c Mayr, Gerald (2004). "Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds". Science. 304 (5672): 861–864. Bibcode: 2004Sci...304..861M. doi: 10.1126/science.1096856. PMID 15131303. S2CID 6845608. Hummingbirds split from other members of Apodiformes, the insectivorous swifts (family Apodidae) and treeswifts (family Hemiprocnidae), about 42 million years ago, probably in Eurasia. [8] Despite their current New World distribution, the earliest species of hummingbird occurred in the early Oligocene ( Rupelian about 34–28 million years ago) of Europe, belonging to the genus Eurotrochilus, having similar morphology to modern hummingbirds. [9] [40] [41] Phylogeny [ edit ] Many earlier studies had assumed that lift was generated equally during the two phases of the wingbeat cycle, as is the case of insects of a similar size. [143] This finding shows that hummingbird hovering is similar to, but distinct from, that of hovering insects such as the hawk moth. [143] Further studies using electromyography in hovering rufous hummingbirds showed that muscle strain in the pectoralis major (principal downstroke muscle) was the lowest yet recorded in a flying bird, and the primary upstroke muscle (supracoracoideus) is proportionately larger than in other bird species. [148] Presumably due to rapid wingbeats for flight and hovering, hummingbird wings have adapted to perform without an alula. [149]

a b Hannemann, Emily (12 May 2022). "Hummingbird feet: Can hummingbirds walk?". Birds&Blooms . Retrieved 4 April 2023. The outer tail feathers of male Anna's ( Calypte anna) and Selasphorus hummingbirds (e.g., Allen's, calliope) vibrate during courtship display dives and produce an audible chirp caused by aeroelastic flutter. [160] [161] Hummingbirds cannot make the courtship dive sound when missing their outer tail feathers, and those same feathers could produce the dive sound in a wind tunnel. [160] The bird can sing at the same frequency as the tail-feather chirp, but its small syrinx is not capable of the same volume. [162] The sound is caused by the aerodynamics of rapid air flow past tail feathers, causing them to flutter in a vibration, which produces the high-pitched sound of a courtship dive. [160] [163] Simon, Matt (10 July 2015). "Absurd Creature of the Week: The World's Tiniest Bird Weighs Less Than a Dime". Wired . Retrieved 8 March 2017.

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Clark, C.J.; Dudley, R. (2009). "Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1664): 2109–115. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0090. PMC 2677254. PMID 19324747. In 2013, a 50-million-year-old bird fossil unearthed in Wyoming was found to be a predecessor to hummingbirds and swifts before the groups diverged. [39] Evolution [ edit ] Use and duration of torpor vary among hummingbird species and are affected by whether a dominant bird defends territory, with nonterritorial subordinate birds having longer periods of torpor. [129] A hummingbird with a higher fat percentage will be less likely to enter a state of torpor compared to one with less fat, as a bird can use the energy from its fat stores. [120] Torpor in hummingbirds appears to be unrelated to nighttime temperature, as it occurs across a wide temperature range, with energy savings of such deep sleep being more related to the photoperiod and duration of torpor. [120] Lifespan [ edit ]

Spin The Magic' revealed as Junior Eurovision 2022 theme". junioreurovision.tv. 2022-09-26 . Retrieved 2022-09-26. The ubiquity of spinning tops lends to the fact that the toy is used to name many living things such as Cyclosa turbinata, whose name comes from the Latin roots for spinning top. Besides toys, tops have also historically been used for gambling and prophecy. Some role-playing games use tops to augment dice in generating randomized results; it is in this case referred to as a spinner. a b c d e f g Venable, G.X.; Gahm, K.; Prum, R.O. (June 2022). "Hummingbird plumage color diversity exceeds the known gamut of all other birds". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 576. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-03518-2. PMC 9226176. PMID 35739263. Estimates of overall dietary makeup for hummingbirds vary, but insectivory is often cited as comprising 5-15% of feeding time budgets, typically; [174] [175] [185] 2-12% is a figure that is also cited. [179] [180] In one study, 84% of feeding time was allotted to nectar feeding if breeding females are included, and 89% otherwise; 86% of total feeding records were on nectar. [177] [185] It has been estimated, based on time budgets and other data, that the hummingbird diet is generally about 90% nectar and 10% arthropods by mass. [174] [186] As their nestlings consume only arthropods, and possibly because their own requirements increase, breeding females spend 3-4 times as long as males foraging for arthropods, although 65-70% of their feeding time is still devoted to nectar. [175] Estimates for overall insectivory can be as low as <5%. Such low numbers have been documented for some species; insects comprised 3% of foraging attempts for Peruvian shining sunbeams in one study, [187] while the purple-throated carib has been reported to spend <1% of time consuming insects in Dominica. [183] Both species also have more typical numbers recorded elsewhere, however. Overall, for most hummingbirds, insectivory is an essential and regular, albeit minor, component of the diet, while nectar is the primary feeding focus when conditions allow. [174] [183] It has been shown that floral abundance (but not floral diversity) influences hummingbird diversity, but that arthropod abundance does not (i.e., that it is non-limiting). [176] [178]

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Sibley, Charles Gald; Ahlquist, Jon Edward (1990). Phylogeny and classification of birds. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.

Ridgely, R.S.; Greenfield, P.G. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador, Field Guide (1ed.). Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7. Nicolson, S.W. & Fleming, P.A. (2003). "Nectar as food for birds: the physiological consequences of drinking dilute sugar solutions". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 238 (1–4): 139–153. doi: 10.1007/s00606-003-0276-7. S2CID 23401164. Although hummingbird eyes are small in diameter (5–6mm), they are accommodated in the skull by reduced skull ossification, and occupy a larger proportion of the skull compared to other birds and animals. [74] Further, hummingbird eyes have large corneas, which comprise about 50% of the total transverse eye diameter, combined with an extraordinary density of retinal ganglion cells responsible for visual processing, containing some 45,000 neurons per mm 2. [75] The enlarged cornea relative to total eye diameter serves to increase the amount of light perception by the eye when the pupil is dilated maximally, enabling nocturnal flight. [75]Chiappe, Luis M. (16 April 2009). "Downsized dinosaurs: The evolutionary transition to modern birds". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2 (2): 248–256. doi: 10.1007/s12052-009-0133-4. ISSN 1936-6426. S2CID 26966516. a b Mayr, Gerald (March 2005). "Fossil hummingbirds of the Old World" (PDF). Biologist. 52 (1): 12–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2009.