Jardibric 11204 Male Junction Connector with 3 Automatic Outputs, Grey, 6 x 1.5 x 6 cm

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The testes (singular = testis) are the male gonads—that is, the male reproductive organs. They produce both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone, and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan of the male. As just noted, spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules that form the bulk of each testis (see Figure 27.4). The process begins at puberty, after which time sperm are produced constantly throughout a man’s life. One production cycle, from spermatogonia through formed sperm, takes approximately 64 days. A new cycle starts approximately every 16 days, although this timing is not synchronous across the seminiferous tubules. Sperm counts—the total number of sperm a man produces—slowly decline after age 35, and some studies suggest that smoking can lower sperm counts irrespective of age. The hematoxylin and eosin stain contains an acidic and basic dye, which allows for a general visualization of the cell and its different cellular components like the nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and proteins.In regards to general observation of the male urethra, this stain is useful in determining the type of epithelium in a particular cross-section. Figure 27.6 Structure of Sperm Sperm cells are divided into a head, containing DNA; a mid-piece, containing mitochondria; and a tail, providing motility. The acrosome is oval and somewhat flattened.

Struvite stones. Struvite stones sometimes form after you’ve had a urinary tract infection (UTI). Magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbon-apatite are the main components of struvite stones. Calcium stones. Calcium stones are the most common type of ureteral stone. Types of calcium stones include calcium oxalate stones and calcium phosphate stones. Limit the amount of animal protein in your diet. Animal protein — including meat, eggs and fish — increases the amount of uric acid in your system. Lentils, beans, green peas, seitan and tofu are good protein sources that won’t increase the amount of uric acid in your body. Various causes inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the ureter can lead to ureteral obstruction, including: The least mature cells, the spermatogonia (singular = spermatogonium), line the basement membrane inside the tubule. Spermatogonia are the stem cells of the testis, which means that they are still able to differentiate into a variety of different cell types throughout adulthood. Spermatogonia divide to produce primary and secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids, which finally produce formed sperm. The process that begins with spermatogonia and concludes with the production of sperm is called spermatogenesis. SpermatogenesisNon-gonococcal urethritis is most commonly caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis, and unlike gonococcal urethritis, is associated with only scanty non-purulent discharge. Complications are less severe as compared to gonococcal infections. The prostatic urethra is the part of the urethra that passes through the prostate. It is about 3-4 cm long and extends between the preprostatic and the membranous part of the urethra. The posterior part of the prostatic urethra is marked by an elevation known as the urethral crest.he prostatic sinuses are two depressions on each side of the crest where the prostatic ducts empty prostatic fluid into the urethral lumen. The urethral crest enlarges to form a rounded elevation which is known as the seminal colliculus. In the center of the seminal colliculus is a small indentation, the prostatic utricle, an embryological remnant that is thought to be the homologue of the uterus. The ejaculatory ducts also open up in the prostatic urethra, on each side of the prostatic utricle. These ducts carry sperm from the testes and fluid from the seminal vesicles into the urethra. Thus the urinary and reproductive tracts merge at this point. Evaluation of the urethra is indicated in trauma, inflammatory pathologies, strictures due to any cause, and for post-operative assessment. Retrograde urethrography (RUG) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) are the two common fluoroscopic contrast techniques used currently to assess the anterior and posterior urethra, respectively, for the many indications mentioned above. Ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are necessary for the evaluation of periurethral structures. MRI is the gold standard for evaluation of urethral diverticula and urethral tumors. Imaging is useful in assessing complications related to the AUS, and relatively unhelpful in assessing periurethral bulking agents. The reservoir may be malpositioned, and instead of being located within the preferred location of the space of Retzius, it may migrate into adjacent pelvic structures such as the urinary bladder and the inguinal canal. The position of the reservoir is best assessed by cross-sectional imaging [ 33].

Vas deferens. This is a tube in which the sperm is stored and it carries the sperm out of the scrotal sac. The vas deferens is between the epididymis and the urethra and connects these together.The anal cushions play an important role in the fine control. Physiologically they are filled with arterial blood. During defecation, the internal anal sphincter relaxes so that the blood in the cushions drains away, allowing a smooth passage of the stool through the anal canal. A pathological enlargement of the anal cushions leads to hemorrhoids. The urethra, being open to the external environment, is susceptible to infection, disease, and damage. Although biopsy and histological observation of the male urethra are not always necessary during the workup of a urethral disease, it is crucial to understand the anatomy and histological characteristics of the urethra to best be able to understand, manage and treat disease. Testes (testicles). The testes are 2 small organs that are found inside the scrotum. The testes are responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone. Testosterone is an important hormone during male development and maturation for developing muscles, deepening the voice, and growing body hair. MRI is the modality of choice for the demonstration of periurethral soft tissues, and being non-invasive with superior contrast resolution and multiplanar imaging capabilities, serves as a useful adjunctive tool in several congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic pathologies. Intersex or complex genitourinary anomalies may need MRI assessment for the evaluation of pelvic and genitourinary anatomy and fistulous communications between pelvic organs. In urethritis, MRI may demonstrate periurethral abscesses and sinus tracts which are not assessed on conventional urethrographic techniques. MRI is also the investigation of choice for the characterization, local staging of urethral tumors and enables treatment planning [ 10].

As sperm pass through the ampulla of the ductus deferens at ejaculation, they mix with fluid from the associated seminal vesicle (see Figure 27.2). The paired seminal vesicles are glands that contribute approximately 60 percent of the semen volume. Seminal vesicle fluid contains large amounts of fructose, which is used by the sperm mitochondria to generate ATP to allow movement through the female reproductive tract.The anal canal is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is about 3 to 4 cm long and lies completely extraperitoneally. It begins at the anorectal junction distally from the perineal flexure and ends at the anus. The anal canal is an important part of the continence organ. It is surrounded by a muscular sphincter system which tightly closes the lumen. The internal anal sphincter is permanently contracted through the sympathetic tonus and relaxes under parasympathetic influence. The external anal sphincter surrounds the anal canal like a clamp. It is in close relationship to the puborectalis muscle (part of levator ani muscle) which encircles the rectum from behind (puborectal sling) and thus forms a bending closure. Both the external anal sphincter and the puborectalis muscle are voluntarily controlled. Ureteroscopy. A urologist inserts a long, thin tube with a camera (ureteroscope) into your urethra (where pee leaves your body). They feed the ureteroscope through your bladder and into your ureter. Once they find your stone, they remove it or break it up with a laser. Epididymis. A long tube that is located near each testicle. The epididymis is the tube which moves the sperm from the testicles. The structure and function of the urethra are different between male and female anatomy. In males, the urethra is long, as it runs the length of the penis, and a part of the urinary system as well as the reproductive system. In females, the urethra is very short (about 4 cm long) and not part of the reproductive system.