Ancient Britain (Historical Map and Guide): 6

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MacAulay, Donald (1992). The Celtic languages. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p.1. ISBN 0-521-23127-2. OCLC 24541026. A particular type of pottery made at Poole Harbour was traded through out the territory of the Durotriges. Tacitus describes them as a strong and warlike nation, and for ten years or more the Romans fought to contain, rather than conquer them.

The Trinovantes are the first British tribe to be mentioned by a Roman author, appearing in Caesar's account of his invasion of 54 BC. By this date they seem to have been already involved in a power struggle with the neighbouring tribes to the west who were to be forged into the kingdom of the Catuvellauni under Tasciovanus.Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view. The traveller Pytheas, whose own works are lost, was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people "Pretanoi", which is cognate with "Britanni" and is apparently Celtic in origin. The term "Celtic" continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as Welsh without controversy. [52] The dispute essentially revolves around how the word "Celtic" is defined; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age Gaul, but there were also many differences. Many leading academics, such as Barry Cunliffe, still use the term to refer to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain for want of a better label. West Sussex was an area with very strong links to France before the Roman Conquest and was one of the first areas to use coins and adopt north French styles of cremating the dead. Before about 50 to 1 BC, archaeological evidence suggests two different groups or tribes lived in this region. One lived in what is today Lincolnshire, the other in what is today Northamptonshire. A very rich grave of a pro-Roman Catuvellaunian ruler who lived at the time of the Roman Conquest has been excavated at Folly Lane, St Albans.

The Beaker people were also skilled at making ornaments from gold, silver and copper, and examples of these have been found in graves of the wealthy Wessex culture of central southern Britain. The civitas of the Belgae was therefor most probably an artificial creation of the Roman administration, like the neighbouring civitas of the Regni, and was created at about the same time in c. AD 80 following the death of King Cogidubnus.Bramanti B, Thomas MG, Haak W, etal. (October 2009). "Genetic discontinuity between local hunter-gatherers and central Europe's first farmers". Science. 326 (5949): 137–40. Bibcode: 2009Sci...326..137B. doi: 10.1126/science.1176869. PMID 19729620. S2CID 206521424. This would make a wonderful birthday, housewarming or Christmas gift for someone from Great Britain or who is interested in the ancient history and peoples of the British Isles. The La Tène style, which covers British Celtic art, was late arriving in Britain, but after 300 BC the Ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it. [ citation needed] A recreation of a Carnyx War Trumpet. Ball, Martin J. & James Fife (ed.) (1993). The Celtic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01035-7.

Large walls, banks and ditches surrounded most of their farms and the people made offerings of fine metal objects, but never wore massive armlets. Koch, John (2016). Celtic from the West 3: Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages: questions of shared language. Oxford. pp.1–5. ISBN 978-1-78570-228-0. OCLC 936687654. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) This new aerial archaeology mapping tool lets people fly virtually over England and drink in its many layers of history,” says Duncan Wilson, chief executive of Historic England, in a statement. “It will allow everyone to explore the hidden heritage of their local places and what makes them special.” Other hoards of elaborately decorated bronze chariot fittings point to a love of conspicuous display by the nobles of the Iceni.Mesolithic lifestyles | The Scottish Archaeological Research Framework". Scottish Archaeological Research Framework. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020 . Retrieved 3 June 2023.

Cursus publicus (imperial mail service) messengers used roads to travel up to 150 miles a day, changing horses at wayside mutationes (posting stations). Roman engineers connected key points by the most direct route, skilfully keeping to a straight course despite natural obstacles. The roads’ straightness today helps us identify them as Roman, even when obscured by modern tarmac. Fraser, James E. (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Vol.1. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1232-1. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) The British Lower Palaeolithic (and equally that of much of northern Europe) is thus a long record of abandonment and colonisation, and a very short record of residency. The sad but inevitable conclusion of this must be that Britain has little role to play in any understanding of long-term human evolution and its cultural history is largely a broken record dependent on external introductions and insular developments that ultimately lead nowhere. Britain, therefore, was an island of the living dead. [8]Karl, Raimund (2010). Celtic from the West Chapter 2: The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: a re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic cultures. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp.39–64. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4. Iron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. As people became more numerous, wars broke out between opposing tribes. This was traditionally interpreted as the reason for the building of hill forts, although the siting of some earthworks on the sides of hills undermined their defensive value, hence "hill forts" may represent increasing communal areas or even 'elite areas'. However some hillside constructions may simply have been cow enclosures. Although the first had been built about 1500 BC, hillfort building peaked during the later Iron Age. There are around 3,300 structures that can be classed as hillforts or similar "defended enclosures" within Britain. [53] By about 350 BC many hillforts went out of use and the remaining ones were reinforced. Pytheas was quoted as writing that the Britons were renowned wheat farmers. Large farmsteads produced food in industrial quantities and Roman sources note that Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves. From c.180,000 to c.60,000 years ago there is no evidence of human occupation in Britain, probably due to inhospitable cold in some periods, Britain being cut off as an island in others, and the neighbouring areas of north-west Europe being unoccupied by hominins at times when Britain was both accessible and hospitable. [11] Robin Hood Cave Horse, from Creswell Crags, c. 10,500 BC Until late in the Mesolithic Period, Britain formed part of the continental landmass and was easily accessible to migrating hunters. The cutting of the land bridge, about 6000–5000 bce, had important effects: migration became more difficult and remained for long impossible to large numbers. Thus Britain developed insular characteristics, absorbing and adapting rather than fully participating in successive continental cultures. And within the island geography worked to a similar end; the fertile southeast was more receptive of influence from the adjacent continent than were the less-accessible hill areas of the west and north. Yet in certain periods the use of sea routes brought these too within the ambit of the continent.