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Albert: This is called a reflection! So now we know that light can come from different sources, and that some objects are transparent, some are opaque and cast a shadow, and some objects reflect light! a b c "Shastra Pratibha 2015 Seniors Booklet" (PDF). Sifuae.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 August 2017. Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001). Color and Light in Nature (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-521-77504-5. Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 12 October 2013. Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers White light is made up of all the different colors of light added together. When white light shines through a prism, it splits up into different colors, becoming a spectrum. The spectrum contains all of the wavelengths of light that we can see. Red light has the longest wavelength, and violet (purple) light has the shortest. On the other hand, the Vaisheshika school gives an atomic theory of the physical world on the non-atomic ground of ether, space and time. (See Indian atomism.) The basic atoms are those of earth ( prthivi), water ( pani), fire ( agni) and air ( vayu) Light rays are taken to be a stream of high velocity of tejas (fire) atoms. The particles of light can exhibit different characteristics depending on the speed and the arrangements of the tejas atoms. [ citation needed]

Main article: Refraction Due to refraction, the straw dipped in water appears bent and the ruler scale compressed when viewed from a shallow angle. Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 66 (4): 339–341. Bibcode: 1976JOSA...66..339S. doi: 10.1364/JOSA.66.000339. PMID 1262982. The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1,064 nm. A continuous 1,064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1,060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence of second harmonic generation in the retina. Albert: Hi Seymour! Pleasure to be here! Light is what helps us see things. It can come from different places, like the Sun, or fire, or from electricity in lamps and torches. Light is all around us, like the sunlight in this kitchen…So what happens if we take all that away? Spectrum and the Color Sensitivity of the Eye" (PDF). Thulescientific.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 29 August 2017. In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. [2] [3] This article is about visible light. Read the electromagnetic radiation article for the general concept.Certain substances produce light when they are illuminated by more energetic radiation, a process known as fluorescence. Some substances emit light slowly after excitation by more energetic radiation. This is known as phosphorescence. Phosphorescent materials can also be excited by bombarding them with subatomic particles. Cathodoluminescence is one example. This mechanism is used in cathode-ray tube television sets and computer monitors. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It is the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things easy to see. Atoms emit and absorb light at characteristic energies. This produces " emission lines" in the spectrum of each atom. Emission can be spontaneous, as in light-emitting diodes, gas discharge lamps (such as neon lamps and neon signs, mercury-vapor lamps, etc.) and flames (light from the hot gas itself—so, for example, sodium in a gas flame emits characteristic yellow light). Emission can also be stimulated, as in a laser or a microwave maser. Main article: Speed of light Beam of sun light inside the cavity of Rocca ill'Abissu at Fondachelli-Fantina, Sicily English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer Roger Bacon shown in his observatory at the Franciscan monastery, Oxford, England, engraving c. 1867. (more)

NASA team successfully deploys two solar sail systems". NASA. 9 August 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2008. In physics, the term "light" may refer more broadly to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. [4] [5] In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light. The primary properties of light are intensity, propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum and polarization. Its speed in vacuum, 299 792 458 m/s, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. [6] Like all types of electromagnetic radiation, visible light propagates by massless elementary particles called photons that represents the quanta of electromagnetic field, and can be analyzed as both waves and particles. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics. When the concept of light is intended to include very-high-energy photons (gamma rays), additional generation mechanisms include: In 55 BC, Lucretius, a Roman who carried on the ideas of earlier Greek atomists, wrote that "The light & heat of the sun; these are composed of minute atoms which, when they are shoved off, lose no time in shooting right across the interspace of air in the direction imparted by the shove." (from On the nature of the Universe). Despite being similar to later particle theories, Lucretius's views were not generally accepted. Ptolemy (c. second century) wrote about the refraction of light in his book Optics. [33] Classical India Different physicists have attempted to measure the speed of light throughout history. Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light in the seventeenth century. An early experiment to measure the speed of light was conducted by Ole Rømer, a Danish physicist, in 1676. Using a telescope, Rømer observed the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io. Noting discrepancies in the apparent period of Io's orbit, he calculated that light takes about 22 minutes to traverse the diameter of Earth's orbit. [15] However, its size was not known at that time. If Rømer had known the diameter of the Earth's orbit, he would have calculated a speed of 227 000 000 m/s.Laufer, Gabriel (1996). "Geometrical Optics". Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering. p. 11. Bibcode: 1996iole.book.....L. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139174190.004. ISBN 978-0-521-45233-5 . Retrieved 20 October 2013.

Sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the energy used by living things. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called bioluminescence. For example, fireflies use light to locate mates and vampire squid use it to hide themselves from prey.Albert: We call these objects opaque. If light can’t go through an object, it creates a shadow! But sometimes you get special objects that light bounces off… Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis, Lenses and Waves: Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematical Science of Optics in the 17th Century, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004, ISBN 1-4020-2697-8 The weakness of the wave theory was that light waves, like sound waves, would need a medium for transmission. The existence of the hypothetical substance luminiferous aether proposed by Huygens in 1678 was cast into strong doubt in the late nineteenth century by the Michelson–Morley experiment. Use the ruler to join the incident and emergent rays together with a pencil line. This is the refracted ray. Carefully mark in the angle of refraction, r, between the refracted ray and the normal. a b Newcomb, Simon (1911). "Light" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 624.