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Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit (Peshawar BRT) is a bus rapid transit system in Peshawar, capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The construction of the project was started in October 2017 and was inaugurated on 13 August 2020, it is the fourth BRT system in Pakistan. The Objectives Resolution in March 1949, which declared God as the sole sovereign over the entire universe, represented the first formal step to transform Pakistan into an Islamic state. [129] [92] Muslim League leader Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman asserted that Pakistan could only truly become an Islamic state after bringing all believers of Islam into a single political unit. [130] Keith Callard, one of the earliest scholars on Pakistani politics, observed that Pakistanis believed in the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world and assumed that Muslim from other countries would share their views on the relationship between religion and nationality. [131] Eid Prayers at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Pakistan is a multicultural, multi-linguistic, and multiethnic society. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85, [451] [452] Urdu—the lingua franca and a symbol of Muslim identity and national unity—is the national language and understood by over 75% of Pakistanis. It is the main medium of communication in the country, but the primary language of only 7% of the population. [453] [454] Urdu and English are the official languages of Pakistan. English is primarily used in official business and government, and in legal contracts; [154] the local variety is known as Pakistani English. The enforcement of Urdu to the exclusion of other majority languages has been criticised. [455]
Main articles: Media of Pakistan, Cinema of Pakistan, Music of Pakistan, History of Pakistani pop music, Theatre of Pakistan, and Pakistani dramasHe added: “My goal is representing and winning a medal for India at the 2024 Paris Olympics. And I need to be at a certain rank by June to qualify for (the) Olympics. The name Pakistan was coined by Choudhry Rahmat Ali, a Pakistan Movement activist, who in January 1933 first published it (originally as "Pakstan") in a pamphlet Now or Never, using it as an acronym. [31] Rahmat Ali explained: "It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our homelands, Indian and Asian, Panjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchis tan." He added that "Pakistan is both a Persian and Urdu word... It means the land of the Paks, the spiritually pure and clean." [32] Etymologists note that پاک pāk, is 'pure' in Persian and Pashto [33] and the Persian suffix ـستان -stan means 'land' or 'place of'. [34] [35] [36] [37]
The western regions of Pakistan became part of Achaemenid Empire around 519BCE. In 326BCE, Alexander the Great conquered the region by defeating various local rulers, most notably, the King Porus, at Jhelum. [49] It was followed by the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great, until 185BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria (180–165BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander (165–150BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. [42] [50] Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of higher education in the world, which was established during the late Vedic period in the 6th century BCE. [51] [52] The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the religious instruction was provided on an individualistic basis. [52] The ancient university was documented by the invading forces of Alexander the Great and was also recorded by Chinese pilgrims in the 4th or 5th century CE. [53]Such developments (along with Pakistan's creation) did not get American approval, and British Prime Minister Clement Attlee voiced international opinion at the time by stating that he wished that India and Pakistan would re-unite. [223] Since most of the Arab world was undergoing a nationalist awakening at the time, there was little attraction to Pakistan's Pan-Islamic aspirations. [224] Some of the Arab countries saw the 'Islamistan' project as a Pakistani attempt to dominate other Muslim states. [225] Main articles: Pakistani clothing, Shalwar kameez, Sherwani, Jinnah cap, Peshawari chappal, Pakol, and Sindhi topi People in traditional clothing in the Pahari-Pothwari Neelum District in AJK The Kashmir conflict remains the major point of contention between Pakistan and India; three of their four wars were fought over this territory. [184] Due partly to difficulties in relations with its geopolitical rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations with Turkey and Iran, [185] and both countries have been a focal point in Pakistan's foreign policy. [185] Saudi Arabia also maintains a respected position in Pakistan's foreign policy. The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture as of 2015 [update] accounts for only 20.9% of the GDP. [329] Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons). [330] Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector. It accounts for 43.5% of employed labour force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings. [329] [331] The fauna of Pakistan also reflects the country's varied climate. Around 668 bird species are found there, [168] including crows, sparrows, mynas, hawks, falcons, and eagles. Palas, Kohistan, has a significant population of western tragopan. [169] Many birds sighted in Pakistan are migratory, coming from Europe, Central Asia, and India. [170]
a b "Announcement of Results of 7th Population and Housing Census-2023 'The Digital Census' " (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (www.pbs.gov.pk). 5 August 2023 . Retrieved 15 August 2023. A significant result of the efforts of the Jamaat-i-Islami and the ulama was the passage of the Objectives Resolution in March 1949. The Objectives Resolution, which Liaquat Ali Khan called the second most important step in Pakistan's history, declared that "sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to God Almighty alone and the authority which He has delegated to the State of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust". The Objectives Resolution has been incorporated as a preamble to the constitutions of 1956, 1962, and 1973. [92]Independent researchers estimate that between 300,000 and 500,000 civilians died during this period while the Bangladesh government puts the number of dead at three million, [100] a figure that is now nearly universally regarded as excessively inflated. [101] Some academics such as Rudolph Rummel and Rounaq Jahan say both sides [102] committed genocide; others such as Richard Sisson and Leo E. Rose believe there was no genocide. [103] In response to India's support for the insurgency in East Pakistan, preemptive strikes on India by Pakistan's air force, navy, and marines sparked a conventional war in 1971 that resulted in an Indian victory and East Pakistan gaining independence as Bangladesh. [97] Head of State: The President, who is elected by an Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the state and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Armed Forces (with the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee as principal military adviser), but military appointments and key confirmations in the armed forces are made by the Prime Minister after reviewing the reports on candidates' merit and performance. Almost all appointed officers in the judicature, military, the chairman joint chiefs, joint staff, and legislature require the executive confirmation from the Prime Minister, whom the President must consult by law. However, the powers to pardon and grant clemency lie with the President of Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad ibn Qasim conquered Sindh and some regions of Punjab in 711CE. [55] [56] The Pakistan government's official chronology claims this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid [55] [57] but the concept of Pakistan arrived in the 19th century. The Early Medieval period (642–1219CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. During this period, Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. [58] Upon the defeat of the Turk and Hindu Shahi dynasties which governed the Kabul Valley, Gandhara (present-day Khyber Pakhtunkwa), and western Punjab in the 7th to 11th centuries CE, several successive Muslim empires ruled over the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975–1187CE), the Ghorid Kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526CE). The Lodi dynasty, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire (1526–1857CE).
Pakistan's tourist attractions range from the mangroves in the south to the Himalayan hill stations in the north-east. The country's tourist destinations range from the Buddhist ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Taxila, to the 5,000-year-old cities of the Indus Valley civilization such as Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. [351] Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7,000 metres (23,000 feet). [352] The northern part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, examples of ancient architecture, and the Hunza and Chitral valleys, home to the small pre-Islamic Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. [353] Pakistan's cultural capital, Lahore, contains many examples of Mughal architecture such as the Badshahi Masjid, the Shalimar Gardens, the Tomb of Jahangir, and the Lahore Fort. Pakistan is the first and only Muslim country that maintains an active research presence in Antarctica. [419] Since 1991 Pakistan has maintained two summer research stations and one weather observatory on the continent and plans to open another full-fledged permanent base in Antarctica. [420] Legislative: The bicameral legislature comprises a 104-member Senate ( upper house) and a 342-member National Assembly ( lower house). Members of the National Assembly are elected through the first-past-the-post system under universal adult suffrage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation. Senate members are elected by provincial legislators, with all the provinces having equal representation. Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors. [555] Most of those dishes have their roots in British, Indian, Central Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. [556] Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chili, and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, roti, a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes. [157] [557] The Vedic period (1500–500BCE) was characterised by an Indo-Aryan culture; during this period the Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region. [46] Ancient city of Multan was a significant cultural centre of Indus valley civilization and an important Hindu pilgrimage centre, the city was founded before 3000 BC era. [47] The Vedic civilization also flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā( Taxila) along with Purasupura (Peshawer) which was founded around 600-1000 BCE. [48] [42] Classical Period
The constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide free primary and secondary education. [423] NUST in Islamabad is a top ranked Engineering University.
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