Butterfly Brain

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Honkanen, A., Adden, A., da Silva Freitas, J. & Heinze, S. The insect central complex and the neural basis of navigational strategies. J. Exp. Biol. 222, jeb.188854 (2019). Westeinde, E. A. et al. Transforming a head direction signal into a goal-oriented steering command. Preprint at https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.10.516039v1 (2022).

Butterfly Kyodai ️ Play on CrazyGames Butterfly Kyodai ️ Play on CrazyGames

Brain tumours are also called primary (which start in the brain) and secondary (which spread to the brain). Circular statistics were performed in MATLAB and Oriana (Version 4.01, Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, Wales, UK). Linear statistics were computed in GraphPad Prism 9 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Sample sizes were not statistically pre-determined. Data distributions were tested for normality with a Shapiro–Wilk test. Normally distributed data were further analyzed with parametric statistical tests, while non-normally distributed data were tested with non-parametric tests. A Rayleigh test testing for uniformity of circular data was used to examine whether the flights were biased toward any direction. To statistically compare the angular tuning measured prior to and after compass perturbation across compass and putative GD neurons, we compared the correlation values obtained by correlating the angular tuning prior to sun displacement with the one measured after sun displacement with a two-sided unpaired t-test (Fig. 1j). Heading offsets and circular variances of pfds were statistically compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 1k and Fig. S7c). Variations in spike rate across compass and putative GD neurons were also compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. S8). Changes in goal directions induced by aversive conditioning were statistically tested by comparing the distribution of GDs before conditioning (pre-conditioning) with the ones after conditioning (post conditioning) using a Mardia-Watson-Wheeler test (Fig. 2c). Flight directedness and directedness of neural tuning prior to and after conditioning was compared with a two-sided paired t-test (Fig. S10) and a two-sided Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test (Fig. 2d), respectively. To compare the tuning stability prior to compass perturbation and aversive conditioning with the one measured after compass perturbation and aversive conditioning, we statistically compared the correlation values obtained by comparing the angular tunings with a two-sided ordinary one-way ANOVA across different neuron types, i.e., HD, GD, and steering neurons (Fig. S13b). Note when comparing between two neuron types, we used a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 3d, e). A two-sided Mann–Whitney U test was used to statistically compare the changes in pfds induced by aversive conditioning and compass perturbations in GD neurons (Fig. 3c) and when comparing pfd changes induced by compass perturbation and aversive conditioning between GD and steering neurons (Fig. 4a, b). Time lags of turn coding were statistically compared across steering and GD neurons with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 4f). Hereby, only pairs ( n = 14 pairs) of simultaneously recorded steering and GD neurons were considered because a comparison of time lags across different experiments were unprecise due to the relatively low sampling rate of the optical encoder. The consistency of goal offsets for putative GD and HD neurons across the conditioning was statistically compared with a two-sided Mann–Whitney U test (Fig. 3g). Goal offset stability was statistically compared between GD, HD, and steering neurons (two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test; one-way ANOVA; Fig. S13c). Using a Rayleigh test, we examined whether pfds of HD neurons were uniformly distributed and a V-test (expected 180°) allowed us to demonstrate that pfds of GD and steering neurons were clustered at 180° (Fig. 4g).Hosoya T, Yonezawa H, Matsuoka A, Ohno M, Miyakita Y, Takahashi M, Yanagisawa S, Tamura Y, Kikuchi M, Nakano T, Oishi Y, Manabe S, Sato T, Narita Y. Hosoya T, et al. Surg Neurol Int. 2022 Oct 28;13:492. doi: 10.25259/SNI_543_2022. eCollection 2022. Surg Neurol Int. 2022. PMID: 36447874 Free PMC article. onion bulb nerves: Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies

Butterfly Hug Method for Bilateral Stimulation The Butterfly Hug Method for Bilateral Stimulation

Like all high-grade gliomas the prognosis is dismal, and usually, no attempt at "curative" resection is made. Differential diagnosis

Varga, A. G. & Ritzmann, R. E. Cellular basis of head direction and contextual cues in the insect brain. Curr. Biol. 26, 1816–1828 (2016). If GD neurons exist in the insect central complex, we expected that their pfds should be tightly linked to butterflies’ new goal direction. Remarkably, in addition to compass neurons that showed invariant angular tuning (example green neuron in Fig. 2f, h), we indeed found neurons whose angular tuning changed in association with the butterflies’ goal directions (example blue neuron in Fig. 2g, h). Angular tuning of GD neurons specifically changed with the insect’s goal direction The extrapyramidal motor system (rubrospinal, tectospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts) originate from nuclei in the brainstem. By synapsing in the spinal cord this system controls other aspects of locomotor activity besides pure movement, such as coordination, reflexive movements and body posture. Tenger-Trolander, A. & Kronforst, M. R. Migration behaviour of commercial monarchs reared outdoors and wild-derived monarchs reared indoors. Proc. Biol. Sci. 287, 20201326 (2020).

Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC Do Butterflies Remember Being Caterpillars? » Science ABC

You may need treatment and support like occupational therapy and physiotherapy to help you recover or adapt to any problems. Lu, J. et al. Transforming representations of movement from body- to world-centric space. Nature 601, 98–104 (2022). Sun, X., Yue, S. & Mangan, M. A decentralised neural model explaining optimal integration of navigational strategies in insects. Elife 9, e54026 (2020).

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Li, Y., Pierce, A. A. & Roode, J. C. D. Variation in forewing size linked to migratory status in monarch butterflies. Anim. Migr. 3, 27–34 (2016). All Karnofsky performance scores (KPS) utilized for the purposes of this study were recorded by either a neuro-oncologist or neurosurgeon, or estimated from the medical record based upon the dictated details of the patient’s functional status. Scores at the time of diagnosis, before, and after radiation therapy (XRT) are included. These scores represented the most consistent time points in which functional status was measured in the medical record. Tumor functional grade had been prospectively determined at presentation as described by Sawaya et al. [ 14]. Tumor volume had also been prospectively determined by volumetric analysis of individual patient MRIs using Vitrea 3.5 software (Vital Images, Inc., Minnetonka, MN). For the purpose of this paper and to provide a more accurate description of tumor mass, tumor volume was defined as the sum of T1 enhancement plus necrosis volume. Tumor flair volume data were also included. Extent of resection (EOR) represented the percentage reduction in T1 enhancing tumor volume on post-operative MRIs. Survival time was defined as the number of days from the time of diagnosis to date of death. Adjuvant therapy was defined as any treatment after the procedure (biopsy or decompression) and before progression, and consisted of XRT only, or radiation and chemotherapy. Angelaki, D. E. & Laurens, J. The head direction cell network: attractor dynamics, integration within the navigation system, and three-dimensional properties. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 60, 136–144 (2020). Pegel, U., Pfeiffer, K., Zittrell, F., Scholtyssek, C. & Homberg, U. Two compasses in the central complex of the locust brain. J. Neurosci. 39, 3070–3080 (2019).

Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system anatomy | Kenhub Brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system anatomy | Kenhub

Sun, X. L., Yue, S. G. & Mangan, M. How the insect central complex could coordinate multimodal navigation. Elife 10, e7307 (2021). Nobody can be absolutely certain about what will happen to you following a diagnosis of a brain tumour. Heinze, S. Unraveling the neural basis of insect navigation. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 24, 58–67 (2017). Some examples of metamorphosis are more subtle, as in the case of a starfish. They undergo a change in symmetry, shifting from the bilateral symmetry of larvae to the radial symmetry of adults. Several other changes distinguish the larval and adult stages of the starfish, but overall, they continue being the aquatic beings that they were upon being born.

Reppert, S. M., Gegear, R. J. & Merlin, C. Navigational mechanisms of migrating monarch butterflies. Trends Neurosci. 33, 399–406 (2010). CC = corpus callosum; EOR = extent of resection; KPS = Karnofsky Performance Status; bGBM = butterfly glioblastoma; butterfly glioblastoma; corpus callosum glioblastoma; resection.