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Kim, J., et al. Fungal brain infection modelled in a human-neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip with a functional blood–brain barrier. Nat. Biomed. Eng. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00743-8 (2021). All, A. H. et al. Expanding the toolbox of upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo optogenetics and neuromodulation,. Adv. Mater. 31, 1803474 (2019). By applying CHM, it was also able to promote stem cell differentiation upon a 5 min of HFMF treatment per day. After 7 days, similar to cys-GYBs treatment, the CLSM images of CMH-treated NSCs indicated the stem cell differentiation and neurite outgrowth (Supplementary Fig. 9a). After the quantification, CMH consisting of 10 mg of cys-GYBs and 1 ml of MBs promoted approximately 30.33% of NSCs differentiation into neuronal cells when compared to the control group, indicating the effective stimulation of electromagnetized cys-GYBs on CMH (Supplementary Fig. 9b).
Shirahama, H., Lee, B. H., Tan, L. P. & Cho, N. J. Precise tuning of facile one-pot gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) synthesis. Sci. Rep. 6, 31036 (2016).Meng, Y. et al. Subacute intranasal administration of tissue plasminogen activator promotes neuroplasticity and improves functional recovery following traumatic brain injury in rats. PLoS ONE 9, e106238 (2014). Kolesky, D. B. et al. 3D bioprinting of vascularized, heterogeneous cell-laden tissue constructs. Adv. Mater. 26, 3124–3130 (2014).
The animal use and experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of National Tsing Hua University (Approval No. 10704). Synthesis and modification of gold nanoyarn-ball (GYBs) The average size and zeta potential of nanoparticles were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS, Nano-ZS, Malvern). Samples were dispersed into water in glass cuvette. The size distribution of nanoparticles was measured by the light hit particles in a period. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JSM-7000F, Japan), a transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEM-2100, Japan) was applied to observe the morphologies of nanoparticles. The elemental mapping of nanoparticles was performed by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of TEM. For SEM analysis, all the samples were dried on the silicon wafers at room temperature and gilded with an ultrathin platinum layer on the wafer to enhance the image quality taken in the experiments through the intensive electronic sputtering. For TEM analysis, nanoparticles were dried on the copper grid and took digital pictures of several locations on the grid to observe the lattice of crystallite and obtain a representative set of images. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (HRXPS, PHI Quantera SXM, Japan) can determine the surface composition of nanoparticles. Microfluidic chip manufacturing
Ensuring that our fMRI-BOLD experiment with enrolling the enough number of animals used in each group to ensure reproducibility and spatial agreement of stimulus-evoked BOLD responses was a critical aspect of experimental design. Power, or the ability to reliably detect magnitude differences between evoked BOLD responses between stimulus ON and OFF, was used to determine their corresponding effect sizes and powers using open source toolbox, G ∗Power (version 3, Institut fürExperimentelle Psychologie, Dusseldorf, Germany) 61, and Cohen’s d equation 62. The magnitude of evoked BOLD signal in response to the forepaw stimulation showed a significant difference between stimulus ON and OFF in the ROIs of M1 (PBS: 1.7 ± 0.2%, p< 0.05, n = 6; MBs: 1.9 ± 0.2%, p< 0.05, n = 6; CMH: 1.5 ± 0.1%, p< 0.05, n = 6; CMH + HFMF: 2.2 ± 0.3%, p< 0.05, n = 6) and S1FL (PBS: 4.1 ± 0.2%, p< 0.05, n = 6; MBs: 4.3 ± 0.3%, p< 0.05, n = 6; CMH: 4.0 ± 0.1%, p< 0.05, n = 6; CMH + HFMF: 5.8 ± 0.4%, p< 0.05, n = 6), the power were more than 0.8 in M1 (PBS: effect size = 4.966, power = 0.986; MBs: effect size = 9.118, power = 0.959; CMH: effect size = 6.591, power = 0.999; CMH + HFMF: effect size = 12.329, power = 0.997) and S1FL (PBS: effect size = 5.784, power = 0.998; MBs: effect size = 11.931, power = 0.995; CMH: effect size = 8.541, power = 0.999; CMH + HFMF: effect size = 14.907, power = 0.999). According to the power analyses and effect size test, there were sufficient statistical powers (> 0.8) and medium to large effect sizes each group as shown in Supplementary Table 1, which complied with the Three Rs (3Rs) principle for more ethical use of animals in this study 63. Western blotting Lynch, K. J., Skalli, O. & Sabri, F. Growing neural PC-12 cell on crosslinked silica aerogels increases neurite extension in the presence of an electric field. J. Funct. Biomater. 9, 30 (2018). We would always recommend using an inhibitor when installing any new radiator. One will be recommended when you add the radiator to the basket. Bosshard, S. C. et al. Assessment of brain responses to innocuous and noxious electrical forepaw stimulation in mice using BOLD fMRI. Pain 151, 655–663 (2010). Wang, H. & Heilshorn, S. C. Adaptable hydrogel networks with reversible linkages for tissue engineering. Adv. Mater. 27, 3717 (2015).
Mohanty, A. et al. Reconfigurable nanophotonic silicon probes for sub-millisecond deep-brain optical stimulation. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 4, 223–231 (2020). Badhiwala, J. H., Wilson, J. R. & Hehlings, M. G. Global burden of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury. Lancet Neurol. 18, 24–25 (2019). Honda Motor Company Limited is a Japanese public multinational corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of cars, motorcycles and power equipment. Honda is also the world's largest manufacturer of internal combustion engines measured by volume, producing more than 14 million internal combustion engines each year. The company has assembly plants around the globe.
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Statistical analyses were performed by GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Software, version 8.0) on data from three or more independent experiments. Error bars indicate SD for three or more independent experiments. The differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s or Tukey’s multiple-comparison test as indicated in figure legends. * P< 0.05, ** P< 0.01, *** P< 0.001, **** P< 0.0001 were considered statistically significant. The full statistical results are provided in the Source data file. All experiments in Fig. 1c; 2b-c; 2l; 4c; 8b and Supplementary Figures 1a; 2a-b; 3a; 5a-f; 7; 8; 10; 11a-c; 13b, 14 were repeated at least three times independently with similar results. Reporting summary
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