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Rocks and Fossils: 1 (Naturetrail)

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Wade, Nicholas (21 August 2011). "Geological Team Lays Claim to Oldest Known Fossils". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2011. The Zebra River Canyon area of the Kubis platform in the deeply dissected Zaris Mountains of southwestern Namibia provides an extremely well exposed example of the thrombolite-stromatolite-metazoan reefs that developed during the Proterozoic period, the stromatolites here being better developed in updip locations under conditions of higher current velocities and greater sediment influx. [64] Astrobiology

While prokaryotic cyanobacteria themselves reproduce asexually through cell division, they were instrumental in priming the environment for the evolutionary development of more complex eukaryotic organisms. Cyanobacteria (as well as extremophile Gammaproteobacteria) are thought to be largely responsible for increasing the amount of oxygen in the primeval Earth's atmosphere through their continuing photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to create their food. A layer of mucus often forms over mats of cyanobacterial cells. In modern microbial mats, debris from the surrounding habitat can become trapped within the mucus, which can be cemented by the calcium carbonate to grow thin laminations of limestone. These laminations can accrete over time, resulting in the banded pattern common to stromatolites. The domal morphology of biological stromatolites is the result of the vertical growth necessary for the continued infiltration of sunlight to the organisms for photosynthesis. Layered spherical growth structures termed oncolites are similar to stromatolites and are also known from the fossil record. Thrombolites are poorly laminated or non-laminated clotted structures formed by cyanobacteria common in the fossil record and in modern sediments. [55] Interest in fossils, and geology more generally, expanded during the early nineteenth century. In Britain, Mary Anning's discoveries of fossils, including the first complete ichthyosaur and a complete plesiosaurus skeleton, sparked both public and scholarly interest. [95] Linnaeus and Darwin Dinosaurs are probably the most famous prehistoric animals. At the same time as they were walking about on land, other enormous reptiles were living in the sea. But around 66 million years ago, dinosaurs and most marine reptiles died out.

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Alistair Cameron Crombie (1990). Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp.108–109. ISBN 978-0-907628-79-8. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 11 October 2018. A fossil can preserve an entire organism or just part of one. Bones, shells, feathers, and leaves can all become fossils.

How to Spot the Fossils Hiding in Plain Sight" by Jessica Leigh Hester, 23 February 2018, Atlas Obscura Awramik, S.M. (19 November 1971). "Precambrian columnar stromatolite diversity: Reflection of metazoan appearance". Science. 174 (4011): 825–827. Bibcode: 1971Sci...174..825A. doi: 10.1126/science.174.4011.825. PMID 17759393. S2CID 2302113. Editor's note: Many paleontologists consider birds to be surviving members of the theropod dinosaur lineage. Thus, it is correct to say "non-avian dinosaurs" here, rather than "dinosaurs." More information is available at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/dinosaur.html. March 25, 2010 Subfossils Collections". South Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 . Retrieved 28 August 2020. Jablonski, David; Roy, Kaustuv; Valentine, James W.; Price, Rebecca M.; Anderson, Philip S. (16 May 2003). "The impact of the pull of the recent on the history of marine diversity". Science. 300 (5622): 1133–1135. Bibcode: 2003Sci...300.1133J. doi: 10.1126/science.1083246. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 12750517. S2CID 42468747. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2022.This is a special form of cast and mold formation. If the chemistry is right, the organism (or fragment of organism) can act as a nucleus for the precipitation of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it. If this happens rapidly before significant decay to the organic tissue, very fine three-dimensional morphological detail can be preserved. Nodules from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds of Illinois, US, are among the best documented examples of such mineralization. [18] Replacement and recrystallization Silicified (replaced with silica) fossils from the Road Canyon Formation (Middle Permian of Texas) Recrystallized scleractinian coral (aragonite to calcite) from the Jurassic of southern Israel The Plains tribes of North America are thought to have similarly associated fossils, such as the many intact pterosaur fossils naturally exposed in the region, with their own mythology of the thunderbird. [76]

Fossils appear to have directly contributed to the mythology of many civilizations, including the ancient Greeks. Classical Greek historian Herodotos wrote of an area near Hyperborea where gryphons protected golden treasure. There was indeed gold mining in that approximate region, where beaked Protoceratops skulls were common as fossils. Riding, R. (2007). "The term stromatolite: towards an essential definition". Lethaia. 32 (4): 321–330. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00550.x. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. a b c "Prehistoric Fossil Collectors". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019 . Retrieved 16 February 2019. Bengtson, S. (2002). "Origins and early evolution of predation" (PDF). In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P.H. (eds.). The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society Papers. Vol.8. The Paleontological Society. pp.289–317. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 December 2014. Geologic Time: Radiometric Time Scale". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 September 2008.

Bones of dinosaurs and other reptiles

Grotzinger, J.P.; etal. (24 January 2014). "A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars". Science. 343 (6169): 1242777. Bibcode: 2014Sci...343A.386G. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.455.3973. doi: 10.1126/science.1242777. PMID 24324272. S2CID 52836398. Bressan, David. "July 18, 1635: Robert Hooke – The Last Virtuoso of Silly Science". Scientific American Blog Network. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 11 February 2018. Mayor, Adrienne (24 October 2013). Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4931-4. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2019– via Google Books.

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