What are Opposites in Nature?: 13 (Looking at Nature)

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The electromagnetic force is responsible for some of the most commonly experienced phenomena: friction, elasticity, the normal force and the force holding solids together in a given shape.

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As its name indicates, the electromagnetic force consists of two parts: the electric force and the magnetic force. The force-carrying photons that swap between charged particles, however, are a different manifestation of photons. But once set into motion, those charged particles begin to display the second component, the magnetic force. Carbon-14 has six protons and eight neutrons; one of those neutrons decays into a proton to make nitrogen-14, which has seven protons and seven neutrons. It holds together the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and part of the strong force also keeps the protons and neutrons of an atom's nucleus together.They have to be somewhere within 10 This decay happens at a predictable rate, allowing scientists to determine how old such artifacts are. The force that keeps a book on top of a table (instead of gravity pulling the book through to the ground), is a consequence of the electromagnetic force: Electrons in the table's atoms repel electrons in the book's atoms.

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The electric component acts between charged particles whether they're moving or stationary, creating a field by which the charges can influence each other. Much like the weak force, the strong force operates only when subatomic particles are extremely close to one another. Though gravity holds planets, stars, solar systems and even galaxies together, it turns out to be the weakest of the fundamental forces, especially at the molecular and atomic scales.Specific kinds of bosons are responsible for the weak force, electromagnetic force and strong force. So, for example, a n eutrino that strays close to a neutron can turn the neutron into a proton while the neutrino becomes an electron. The weak force is critical for the nuclear fusion reactions that power the sun and produce the energy needed for most life forms here on Earth. A large object works on space-time a bit like how a large ball placed in the middle of a sheet affects that material, deforming it and causing other, smaller objects on the sheet to fall toward the middle. Gravity is probably the most intuitive and familiar of the fundamental forces, but it's also been one of the most challenging to explain.

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The normal force that keeps a book on top of a table (instead of gravity pulling the book through to the ground), for example, is a consequence of electrons in the table's atoms repelling electrons in the book's atoms. And much like gravity, this force can be felt from an infinite distance (albeit the force would be very, very small at that distance). So when electrons zoom through a wire to charge your computer or phone or turn on your TV, for example, the wire becomes magnetic. Gravity is the attraction between two objects that have mass or energy, whether this is seen in dropping a rock from a bridge, a planet orbiting a star or the moon causing ocean tides. Centuries later, Albert Einstein suggested, through his theory of general relativity, that gravity is not an attraction or a force.And at the molecular and atomic levels, gravity has almost no effect relative to the other fundamental forces. It's also why archaeologists can use carbon-14 to date ancient bone, wood and other formerly living artifacts. Isaac Newton was the first to propose the idea of gravity, supposedly inspired by an apple falling from a tree.