A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States (Studies in Macroeconomic History)

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Youssef Cassis and Éric Bussière, eds., London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century (2005) ch 3

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic cities of the Islamic world. BRILL. p.207. ISBN 978-9004153882.The Republic of Venice, sometimes mistakenly credited with establishing a Bank of Venice in the 12th century, did not formally create a public bank until 1587. However in the 13th and 14th centuries its Grain Office did a banking business that included both deposits and lending. [131] The Republic's system of transferable public debt has also been identified as an important contribution to the development of banking. [132] Charles P. Kindleberger (Professor of Economics Emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – 2006) A Financial History of Western Europe Retrieved 17 May 2012

Marcello De Cecco (1994), Central Banking in Central and Eastern Europe: Lessons From the Interwar Years' Experience, Washington DC: International Monetary FundMA Dandamaev, VG Lukonin, PL Kohl – The Culture And Social Institutions Of Ancient Iran (p. 216) published by Cambridge University Press, 11 November 2004, ISBN 0521611911. Retrieved 7 September 2012 The Second Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years. Difficulties financing the government during and after the War of 1812 overcame the resistance to central banking that lead to the expiration of the First Bank of the United States' charter five years earlier. Riba is forbidden in Islamic economic jurisprudence ( fiqh). Islamic jurists discuss two types of riba: an increase in capital with no services provided, which the Qur'an prohibits, and commodity exchanges in unequal quantities, which the Sunnah prohibits. Trade in promissory notes (e.g. fiat money and derivatives) is forbidden. [ citation needed]

The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity By James Albert Harrill ISBN 3161469356 Retrieved 18 June 2012 bank | Origin and meaning of bank by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 15 August 2020.The earliest forms of storage utilized were the rudimentary money-boxes (ΘΗΣΑΥΡΌΣ [78]) which were made similar in form to the construction of a bee-hive, and were found for example in the Mycenae tombs of 1550–1500BCE. [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85]

The Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to issue permanently circulating banknotes. Another precursor to the modern savings bank originated in Germany, with Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch and Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen who developed cooperative banking models that led on to the credit union movement. The traditional banks had viewed poor and rural communities as unbankable because of very small, seasonal flows of cash and very limited human resources. In the history of credit unions the concepts of cooperative banking spread through northern Europe and onto the US at the turn of the 20th century under a wide range of different names. Before the destruction by Persians during the 480 invasion, the Athenian Acropolis temple dedicated to Athena stored money; Pericles rebuilt a depository afterward contained within the Parthenon. [91] In the southern German realm, two great banking families emerged in the 15th century, the Fuggers and the Welsers. They came to control much of the European economy and to dominate international high finance in the 16th century. [152] [153] [154] The Fuggers built the first German social housing area for the poor in Augsburg, the Fuggerei. It still exists, but not the original Fugger Bank which lasted from 1487 to 1657.M Gagarin, E Fantham – The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1 Oxford University Press, 31 December 2009 Retrieved 17 July 2012 ISBN 0195170725 Master of the Royal Mint Sir Isaac Newton established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that had the effect of driving silver out of circulation ( bimetalism) and putting Britain on a gold standard.