Robert Welch Meat Press - Black,18x14.5x15 cm

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The motor innervation for the muscles of the soft palate comes from the pharyngeal plexus derived from the vagus nerve (CN X). The only exception is the tensor veli palatini muscle which is supplied by the medial pterygoid nerve, a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve. Carroll WR, et al. Pretreatment swallowing exercises improve swallow function after chemoradiation. Laryngoscope. 2008;118(1):39–433. They produce those movements of the tongue which the intrinsic muscles can't, which are protrusion, retraction/retrusion, depression and elevation of the tongue. All of them are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), except for the palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X) via branches of the pharyngeal plexus. The specific distribution of the receptors enables us to map the tongue based on types of taste, so that the apex predominantly detects sweetness, the lateral margins detect saltiness, the posterior part is for bitterness and sourness, while umami is detected equally in all parts. Most taste buds are found on the dorsal surface of the tongue, but they are also present on the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and epiglottis. Note that the vagus nerve (CN X) via its superior laryngeal branch provides both general and special sensory innervation to the part of the tongue that is directly in front of the epiglottis. Lingual papillae

Takamoto K, et al. Lip closure training improves eating behaviors and prefrontal cortical hemodynamic activity and decreases daytime sleep in elderly persons. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22(3):810–6.

Tongue muscles

The presses are often metal cylinders perhaps 20 cm (8 inches) wide by 30 cm (12 inches) tall, to give the pressed meat a loaf shape, but they can also be circular-shaped. You adjust the pressure with the springs on the handle, causing a press inside to apply the pressure to the meat. The bottom is removable. Fry AC. The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. Sports Med. 2004;34(10):663–79. https://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/basic-remedies-relieve-hairy-tongue-and-other-common-tongue-changes/

Häkkinen K, Alen M, Komi P. Changes in isometric force-and relaxation-time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand. 1985;125(4):573–85. You might need to practice tongue-strengthening exercises if you have trouble swallowing. This is a medical condition called dysphagia.Schulz KF, et al. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Med. 2010;8(1):18. Fujimaki Y, et al. Independent exercise for glottal incompetence to improve vocal problems and prevent aspiration pneumonia in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(8):1049–56. You can do these exercises in your hospital room or at home. Often you can do them on your own, but you may also work with a health professional to practice these exercises. Why might I need tongue-strengthening exercises? To easily remember their origins, just pay attention the their names. For example, the hyoglossus muscle: hyo- suggests the origin from the hyoid bone, while the -glossus is from the Greek ‘glossa’, meaning ‘tongue’, where this muscle inserts. ‘Stylo-’ refers to the styloid process and ‘palato-’ refers to the palate. ‘Genio-’ on the other hand references the Greek ‘geneion’ for ‘chin’. Key facts about the extrinsic muscles of the tongue Genioglossus

Almas K, et al. (2005). The effect of tongue scraper on mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in patients with caries and periodontal disease [Abstract]. Salvadego D, et al. Skeletal muscle oxidative function in vivo and ex vivo in athletes with marked hypertrophy from resistance training. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(11):1527–35.

Why might I need tongue-strengthening exercises?

Suppose, for example, you have a problem with the first phase of swallowing, before the food leaves your mouth. If so, you may benefit from working the muscles in this region, like your cheeks, tongue, and lips. In this case, tongue exercises might be helpful. Specifically, tongue-strengthening exercises may help you manipulate your food inside your mouth and move the material into your pharynx. This movement requires a series of coordinated actions from your muscles along this path. If something doesn't work properly, it can lead to problems swallowing. Muscle weakness in these areas can make proper swallowing difficult. Swallowing exercises can increase strength, mobility, and control of these muscles. Over time, this may help you to swallow normally again. Hagg M, Tibbling L. Effect of oral IQoro R and palatal plate training in post-stroke, four-quadrant facial dysfunction and dysphagia: a comparison study. Acta Otolaryngol. 2015;135(9):962–8. The anterior part of the soft palate is sensory innervated by the lesser palatine nerve, which is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2). The posterior part, however, is sensory innervated by the pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and by the plexus around the pharyngeal tonsils formed by the branches of the pharyngeal and lesser palatine nerves.

Both endurance exercise and resistance exercise have been studied in skeletal muscle and cardiorespiratory systems [ 11]. Endurance exercise (aerobic) can last from minutes to hours, and makes use of high-repetition actions at low resistance to maximize changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity [ 12]. Resistance exercise (anaerobic) involves high resistance training with the goal of increasing muscular mass and power [ 12]. Endurance exercise increases signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis in muscles of the limbs with chronic exercise effects resulting in increased mitochondrial content and function leading to improved muscular capacity and fatigue resistance [ 13– 17] The primary goal of resistance exercise is to increase muscle strength by increasing muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), also known as muscular hypertrophy. These increases in size occur both in young and elderly individuals with resistance exercise training [ 2, 18]. Utanohara Y, Hayashi R, Yoshikawa M, Yoshida M, Tsuga K, Akagawa Y. Standard values of maximum tongue pressure taken using a newly developed disposable tongue pressure measurement device. Dysphagia. 2008;23:286–90. The blood supply for the soft palate comes from the ascending palatine artery, a branch of facial artery. The venous drainage is conducted via the pterygoid venous plexus.

These muscles all work together to produce movements that are essential for mastication (chewing), speech, and deglutition (swallowing). These movements include elongating and retracting the tongue, elevating and lowering the apex of tongue and broadening and narrowing the surface of the tongue. They are all innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Key facts about intrinsic muscles of the tongue Superior longitudinal Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. We avoid using tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy.