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There is never any justification for perpetrating domestic abuse and although the perpetrator and others may blame the victim for their behaviour, it is never the victim’s fault. Whilst some perpetrators do not recognise that their behaviour constitutes domestic abuse, all perpetrators are responsible for their behaviour and should be held accountable. Since the controlling or coercive behaviour offence came into effect on the 29 December 2015, the volume of these offences recorded by the police has increased steadily, with 41,626 recorded offences in the year ending March 2022. [footnote 13] This compares to 4,246 offences in year ending March 2017. [footnote 14] The bowl cover came in handy to keep the flour from puffing out of the bowl, and, once the mixture had reached a breadcrumb consistency, the cover’s opening was useful for adding sugar gradually.

Using children to control the victim, e.g. threatening to take the children away, threatening to harm the children;

Hindering access to communication, e.g. refusing to make information accessible, denying access to communication support tools, augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), and/or professionals who support communication; The following list outlines behaviours that are within the range of controlling or coercive behaviour: Physical and sexual violence/abuse and violent behaviour For the year ending March 2022, 3.7% of controlling or coercive behaviour recorded crimes resulted in a charge, [footnote 40] compared to 6.7% for all domestic abuse-related offences. [footnote 41] Controlling or coercive behaviour offences were more likely to be assigned an outcome of evidential difficulties (victim does not support action). Over a half (53.9%) of controlling or coercive offences were assigned this outcome, compared to 51.4% of all domestic abuse-related offences. Advising the victim of what special measures are available such as screens, video-link and separate entrances; and Controlling or coercive behaviour is an ongoing pattern of offending rather than separate isolated incidents. This means that whilst there may not be enough evidence to charge the offence when initially reported, as time goes on and the behaviour continues, more evidence can be gathered. CPS guidance states that even where there is not enough evidence to charge a specific case, prosecutors should ask police officers to advise the victim to take steps to gather records to support any future investigation. 75. Examples of records gathered might include:

It is also important to ask about past behaviour of the perpetrator, as the victim may not realise that this may have been part of a pattern of abuse. Many victims experience prolonged abuse before making a report to the police and some will never disclose. [footnote 45]It is important to give the victim the space and time to process what has happened to them, aw from the perpetrator. This may also make the victim feel safer and more comfortable with providing further details about the abuse, even at a later stage of any investigation. Support services should always be offered. Under the Victims’ Code, if a victim reports a crime to the police, they have the right to be referred to a service that supports victims within two working days. If the victim chooses not to report the crime, they still have the right to access support services at any time. Threats to report a victim to immigration enforcement and/or the police, or threaten to remove the victim to their country of origin; and whether either party has made threats to another party, child or another family or household member;

Exploiting the communication support needs of the victim or manipulating the victim’s knowledge of what support is available and making professionals believe that the victim does not have capacity to report accurately, or that reports are not credible due to communication difficulties; The relationship history between the victim and the perpetrator (this can include, for example, any history of abuse, referrals to MARACs (Multi- Agency Risk Assessment Conferences) and specialist domestic abuse support services. Criminal records of abuse are not the only indicators that controlling or coercive behaviour is occurring; It should be noted that evidencing controlling or coercive behaviour does not require two police callouts for the offence to have occurred. It is also the case that where there is insufficient evidence to charge for physical assault, there may be evidence to charge for the offence of controlling or coercive behaviour. Case study: Daniel Section 68 of the 2021 Act amends Section 76 of the 2015 Act, the offence of controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship, to read as follows:

Controlling or coercive behaviour can be part of a wider pattern of abuse, which includes other forms of often more overt or visible forms of abuse, such as physical or sexual assault. Whilst section 76 of the 2015 Act sets out the criteria that must be met for the controlling or coercive behaviour offence to apply, it is also important to be aware that certain types of behaviour that can amount to controlling or coercive behaviour can manifest themselves in other harms and forms of abuse, including economic abuse, technology-facilitated abuse, harassment or stalking (please also refer to Section 6 – Related harms, offences and other forms of domestic abuse). These stands are both sturdy and have excellent designs. Designed to look like your favourite superheroes so you can get an incredible level of customisation for your setup. Furthermore, controlling or coercive behaviour can have a cumulative impact on the victim, and in many cases, they may only be able to come to terms with the impact of the abuse or understand that it has occurred at a later stage. Therefore, it is vital that a thorough investigation takes place.In this guidance, “A” is referred to as the perpetrator of the abuse and “B” is referred to as a victim of the abuse. The term ‘victim’ is used in this document to denote someone who has experienced domestic or other forms of abuse. As set out in section 3 of the 2021 Act, ‘victim’ includes children (under 18) who have seen, heard, or experienced domestic abuse and are related to, or under the care of, either the adult victim or the perpetrator. It should be noted that not everyone who has experienced or is experiencing domestic abuse chooses to describe themselves as a ‘victim’ and may prefer another term, for example, ‘survivor’. We recognise both terms, but in this document, we have used the language of the 2021 Act, which is ‘victim’. Rather than only asking ‘what happened’ to prompt the specific call to police, police officers should ask questions to identify if controlling or coercive behaviour is being perpetrated. This includes understanding:

Police officers should avoid dual arrests, especially if there are children present, but this is not always possible. Where counter-allegations are made at the scene, officers should evaluate each party’s complaint separately to determine whether there was a primary perpetrator. [footnote 33] Based on installing a new A-rated condensing boiler in England, Scotland and Wales with a programmer, room thermostat and thermostatic radiator controls (TRVs) in a gas heated detached home from an older G-rated boiler with a programmer and room thermostat. Figures are based on fuel prices as of October2023. Savings will vary depending on the size and thermal performance of your home. Source: Energy Saving Trust. Text messages (whilst ensuring limited disruption, if any, for the victim, ensuring appropriate redaction and not risking further harm); Guidance to the police and other criminal justice agencies on circumstances where the offence applies and where other offences might be considered. This guidance is issued to assist criminal justice agencies and other agencies in identifying and evidencing controlling or coercive behaviour and in charging, prosecuting and convicting perpetrators of the offence.Intimidation and threats of disclosure of health status or an impairment to family, friends, work colleagues and the wider community, particularly where this may carry a stigma in the community; continuing with a prosecution may cause the victim to feel that they are responsible for the perpetrator getting a criminal record (for example, in cases of child to parent abuse); Although the whites were creamy once the programme was complete, they weren’t quite stiff enough to use for meringue; when the bowl was tipped, the mixture slid to one side rather than staying rigid. Another minute of manual mixing was required for them to reach a firmer consistency. This guidance is primarily aimed at police and criminal justice agencies in England and Wales involved in the investigation of criminal behaviour. However, the information contained in this guidance is also important to organisations and agencies in England and Wales working with victims (including children) or perpetrators of domestic abuse, and to those dealing with the other consequences of domestic abuse, such as financial institutions. Some of these organisations may have statutory duties to safeguard victims of domestic abuse, including in relation to Welsh legislation. These include, but are not limited to: A few lumps of butter that hadn’t been combined remained, so some finishing by hand was required. Adding an egg and syrup, we turned the machine up to 4 to knead the mixture together into biscuit dough. This took a little while, but even with a stiff mixture at a high speed the appliance stayed stable on the worktop.