Encyclopedia of Animals

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Plous, S. (1993). "The Role of Animals in Human Society". Journal of Social Issues. 49 (1): 1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00906.x. Bengtson, S. (2002). "Origins and early evolution of predation" (PDF). In Kowalewski, M.; Kelley, P. H. (eds.). The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society Papers. Vol.8. The Paleontological Society. pp.289–317. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2019 . Retrieved 3 March 2018. AmphibiaWeb – Dendrobatidae". AmphibiaWeb. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2008. Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia) undergo spiral cleavage. [142] a b Dunn, F. S.; Kenchington, C. G.; Parry, L. A.; Clark, J. W.; Kendall, R. S.; Wilby, P. R. (25 July 2022). "A crown-group cnidarian from the Ediacaran of Charnwood Forest, UK". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (8): 1095–1104. doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01807-x. PMC 9349040. PMID 35879540.

Caro, Tim (2005). Antipredator Defenses in Birds and Mammals. University of Chicago Press. pp.1–6 and passim. Biswas, Soutik (15 October 2015). "Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal". BBC. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016.The Tree of Life". The Burgess Shale. Royal Ontario Museum. 10 June 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018. animal, (kingdom Animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i.e., as distinct from bacteria, their deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is contained in a membrane-bound nucleus). They are thought to have evolved independently from the unicellular eukaryotes. Animals differ from members of the two other kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes, the plants (Plantae) and the fungi (Mycota), in fundamental variations in morphology and physiology. This is largely because animals have developed muscles and hence mobility, a characteristic that has stimulated the further development of tissues and organ systems. Giribet, G.; Edgecombe, G.D. (2020). The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton University Press. p.21. ISBN 978-0-6911-7025-1 . Retrieved 27 May 2023.

Paps, Jordi; Holland, Peter W. H. (30 April 2018). "Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty". Nature Communications. 9 (1730 (2018)): 1730. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9.1730P. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04136-5. PMC 5928047. PMID 29712911. Kraemer-Eis, Andrea; Ferretti, Luca; Schiffer, Philipp; Heger, Peter; Wiehe, Thomas (2016). "A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes – their function and expression profiles in early development" (PDF). bioRxiv. doi: 10.1101/041806. S2CID 89080338. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2018. Bernstein, H.; Hopf, F. A.; Michod, R. E. (1987). "The molecular basis of the evolution of sex". Advances in Genetics. 24: 323–370. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7. ISBN 978-0-12-017624-3. PMID 3324702.Did you know that foxes use the Earth's magnetic field when hunting? Find out about its magnetic sense! Andrew, Scottie (26 February 2020). "Scientists discovered the first animal that doesn't need oxygen to live. It's changing the definition of what an animal can be". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2020. Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs". Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 71–83. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.1650. doi: 10.1080/08912960410001715132. S2CID 56028251. Cattle Today. "Breeds of Cattle at Cattle Today". Cattle-today.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2013. See also: Sexual reproduction §Animals, and Asexual reproduction §Examples in animals Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in animals, such as these dragonflies.

Maloof, Adam C.; Rose, Catherine V.; Beach, Robert; Samuels, Bradley M.; Calmet, Claire C.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Poirier, Gerald R.; Yao, Nan; Simons, Frederik J. (17 August 2010). "Possible animal-body fossils in pre-Marinoan limestones from South Australia". Nature Geoscience. 3 (9): 653–659. Bibcode: 2010NatGe...3..653M. doi: 10.1038/ngeo934. Zimmer, Carl (4 May 2018). "The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018. Adl, Sina M.; Bass, David; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Schoch, Conrad L.; Smirnov, Alexey; Agatha, Sabine; Berney, Cedric; Brown, Matthew W. (2018). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi: 10.1111/jeu.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078. Eggleton, Paul (17 October 2020). "The State of the World's Insects". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 45 (1): 61–82. doi: 10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-050035. ISSN 1543-5938.Further information: Largest organisms and Smallest organisms The blue whale is the largest animal that has ever lived. Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors, providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines. [112] Opisthokonta Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration". Fossil Calibration Database. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 3 March 2018. Pusey, Anne; Wolf, Marisa (1996). "Inbreeding avoidance in animals". Trends Ecol. Evol. 11 (5): 201–206. doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10028-8. PMID 21237809. Crouse, Richard (2008). Son of the 100 Best Movies You've Never Seen. ECW Press. p.200. ISBN 978-1-55490-330-6.